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QUANTUM NUMBERS, RULES AND INFORMATION Sophisticated mathematics describes the quantum states of electrons. These can be symbolized by 4 quantum numbers. Each number tells us something about an electron and once all values are described, the specific distribution of electron density in space - what we call an orbital, is defined. Quantum # n Name Allowed Values Primary Information Principal Quantum Number Positive Integral values: 1, 2, 3, …. l Angular Momentum Quantum Number 0, 1, 2…(n-1) for each value of n ml Magnetic Quantum Number Spin Magnetic Quantum Number -l…...0…..+l Largely defines energy of electron. As n increases, so does its energy and radial distance from nucleus. Higher energy state equates to greater ease at removing the electron. Defines the shape of the orbital. Each numerical value of "l" has a matching letter designation. value of l: 0 1 2 3 letter: s p d f Defines the orientation of the orbital in space. The electron described as if it were spinning and therefore generating a magnetic field. The final quantum number limits the number of electrons to two per orbital; one spin up and one spin down! ms -1/2 or +1/2 Which of the following quantum states are allowed? If not, what's the problem??? n 2 3 4 3 2 4 0 l 1 3 2 1 0 3 2 ml -1 0 -2 -2 0 -1 -2 ms 1/2 1/2 -1/2 1/2 -1/2 -1/4 -1/2