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Transcript
MICROBIOLOGIA GENERALE Microbial metabolisms 1 Microbial metabolism catabolism: aims and products High energy compounds and energy storage Structure of the oxidation–reduction coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Microbial metabolism energy conservation: options Carbon source classes of Microorganisms •Autotrophs •Eterotrophs Energy classes of Microorganisms •Phototrophs •Chemotrophs Chemoorganotrophs Chemolithotrophs Metabolic options for obtaining energy Group Relationship to O2 Type of metabolism Example AEROBES Aerobic Micrococcus respiration luteus Aerobic Esherichia coli Facultative Not required, growth better with O2 respiration or Fermentation Microaerophilic Required at low Aerobic Spirillum levels respiration volutans Obligate Required ANAEROBES Aerotolerant Not required, growth Fermentation Streptococcus Obligate no better with O2 Harmful or lethal Fermentation or Anaerobic respiration pyogenes Clostridium tetani Metabolism e- donor e- acceptor Microorganisms Fermentation Organic molecules Organic molecule Aerobic Respiration Organic molecules O2 Inorganic molecules Organic or inorganic molecules O2 Chemolithotrophs NO3 SO4 CO2 Nitrate reducers Sulfate reducers Methanogenic Anaerobic Respiration Photosynthesis H20, H2S, S, organic molecules NADP NADPH Obligately anaerobic and facultative chemoorganotrophic Obligately aerobic and facultative chemoorganotrophic Cyanobacteria, Green and Purple bacteria Microbial metabolism fermentation Metabolism e- donor e- acceptor Microorganisms Fermentation Organic molecules Organic molecule Aerobic Respiration Organic molecules O2 Inorganic molecules Organic or inorganic molecules O2 Chemolithotrophs NO3 SO4 CO2 Nitrate reducers Sulfate reducers Methanogenic Anaerobic Respiration Photosynthesis H20, H2S, S, organic molecules NADP NADPH Obligately anaerobic and facultative chemoorganotrophic Obligately aerobic and facultative chemoorganotrophic Cyanobacteria, Green and Purple bacteria Overall process of FERMENTATION In a typical fermentation, most of the carbon is excreted as a partially reduced end product of energy metabolism and only a small amount is used in biosynthesis The glucose catabolism Shunt hexose monophosphate Glycolysis enteric bacteria and homofermentative lactic acid bacteria Pyruvate heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria Enter-Doudoroff Pseudomonas Rhizobium Pentose phosphate Embden-Meyerhof pathway (glycolysis) The catalytic cycle of the enzyme fructose bisphosphate aldolase Butyric acid Propionic acid Clostridium Propionibacterium Lactic acid Homofermentative Lactic acid bacteria Pyruvate Alcohol Saccharomyces Mixed Acids 2,3-Butanediol Escherichia Enterobacter Lactic acid Homofermentative Lactic acid bacteria Alcohol Saccharomyces Homolactic fermentation (Streptococcus, Lactococcus) Butyric acid fermentation (Clostridium) Propionic acid fermentation The formation of propionic acid by Propionibacterium Mixed acids fermentation (Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella) 2,3-Butanediol fermentation (Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia) 2,3-Butanediol fermentation The Entner-Doudoroff pathway (Pseudomonas, Rhizobium) Heterolactic fermentation (Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus) Coupled oxidation-reduction between Ala and Gly in Clostridium sporogenes Microbial metabolism aerobic respiration in chemoorganotrophs Metabolism e- donor e- acceptor Microorganisms Fermentation Organic molecules Organic molecule Aerobic Respiration Organic molecules O2 Inorganic molecules Organic or inorganic molecules O2 Chemolithotrophs NO3 SO4 CO2 Nitrate reducers Sulfate reducers Methanogenic Anaerobic Respiration Photosynthesis H20, H2S, S, organic molecules NADP NADPH Obligately anaerobic and facultative chemoorganotrophic Obligately aerobic and facultative chemoorganotrophic Cyanobacteria, Green and Purple bacteria Energetics and carbon flow in chemoorganotrophic respiratory metabolism Energy conservation in fermentation and respiration Electron transport chains and their relation to E0’. • An electron transport system ,leads to the transfer of electrons from substrate to O2 Generation of the proton motive force during aerobic respiration and the orientation of key electron carriers in the membrane Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) (riboflavin phosphate, a hydrogen atom carrier) Fe2S2 center Arrangement of the iron sulfur centers of nonheme ironsulfur proteins that carry electrons only Fe4S4 center Structure of oxidized and reduced forms of coenzyme Q, a quinone Cytochrome and its structure Structure and function of ATP synthase (ATPase) Structure and function of ATP synthase (ATPase) Aerobic respiration of organic substrates in prokaryotes Carbohydrates Pyruvate Amino acids Acetyl-CoA Citric acid cycle Fatty acids The citric acid cycle (CAC) The overall balance of the aerobic respiration Alcohol fermentation 2 ATP per glucose The overall balance of the aerobic respiration
