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Unit 2 Living vs. Non-Living, Cells, and Life Functions What does a Biologist study??? Biologists study living and once-living things. Is it Alive??!! What does it mean to be ALIVE??? Chick embryo • Ebola Virus What is it?! Is it Alive???!!! What is it?! Seawater!!! Magnified 15 times!!! • Hair and feathers Part 1 • There is no single definition of life. However, there is a list of characteristics by which we determine if something is living or not. Here are some characteristics of living things… What Makes Something Living? – 1. Nutrition: Ability to obtain and process food. • Autotrophic – Plants use energy from sunlight to make glucose (sugar) • Heterotrophic – Organisms need to ingest (take-in food). What Makes Something Living? • 2. Transport: –Movement of materials into, out of, and throughout an organism What Makes Something Living? • 3. Carry out metabolic reactions: –Metabolism = All the chemical reactions that occur in living things to maintain life. What Makes Something Living? • 4. Respiration: –Creating energy (ATP) from glucose What Makes Something Living? • 5. Excretion: –Removal of cellular wastes (wastes of metabolism) from an organism. What Makes Something Living? • 6. Regulation: –Controlling and coordinating life functions and body systems What Makes Something Living? • 7. They are able to grow –Increase in cell size and number of cells. –Results from the assimilation of materials and synthesis of new materials. –Materials come from nutrients (you are what you eat!) What Makes Something Living? • 8. They Are able to reproduce: – 1. Asexual Reproduction: 1 parent cell divides and results in 2 new identical cells. – 2. Sexual Reproduction: 2 cells combine to create a new offspring. – Note: Reproduction is NOT necessary for survival of an individual organism but is for survival of a species. What makes something living? 9. Respond to changes in the environment (stimuli): –Examples: • Shivering when cold • Pulling hand away from something hot • Pupils changing size based on amount of light What Makes Something Living? • 10. Have a common genetic code: – The code is found in the DNA of each organism, which is found in the form of chromosomes in the nucleus. – The DNA is a code for proteins!!! What makes something living? • 11. Groups of organisms change over time (evolve) – Based on favorable adaptations (traits that aid in an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in current environment). – Example: – Camouflage of frogs to blend in with environment and avoid predators. What Makes Something Living? • 12. Maintain homeostasis – Homeostasis – Ability of an organism to maintain internal stability – Example: Sweating during exercise to reduce body temperature. Homeostasis Pushing Human Limits: Disrupting Homeostasis!!! Homeostasis Homeostasis Homeostasis What makes something living? • 13. Made up of 1 or more cells a. cell = basic unit of life Part 2: Cells Cells • Unicellular – Made of one cell – Examples: bacteria, ameba, paramecium • Multicellular – made of several or many cells – Examples: Most plants and animals! • Cells can be organized into more complex levels: Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Whole Organism Cells The Cell Theory: 1. All living things are made up of one or more cells. 2. All cells carry on life functions. 3. All cells come from other cells. Cells Exceptions / Questions Regarding the Cell Theory: • Since all cells came from pre-existing cells, what produced the 1st cell? • Viruses are not considered to be a cell, yet they contain genetic material that takes over the activities of the host cell. Cells Cell Parts • Define: Organelle – Cell structures that perform certain functions. Cells 1. Cell Membrane •Made of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. •Controls movement of materials into and out of cell. •Has receptors- allow cells to communicate with one another through chemicals Receptors *Molecules have a certain shape that fit with the receptors to cause a response. Cell Membrane Videos • http://www.brightstorm.com/science/biology/parts-of-acell/cell-membrane-cell-wall/ Cells 2. Nucleus •Control center for cell. •Contains chromosomes – hereditary material Cells 3. Ribosomes •Where proteins are made (synthesized). Ribosomes: Continued • Ribosomes get the code to make proteins from DNA in nucleus. • Each gene on the chromosomes codes to make one protein Cells 4. Vacuole •Storage sites for materials and wastes. •Plant cells have large vacuoles for storing water Cells 5. Mitochondria •Where energy (ATP) is produced from glucose (called cellular respiration) Cells 6. Cytoplasm •Jelly-like material within cell membrane. •Molecules can move throughout Cells 7. Chloroplast •Only in plant cells. •Site of photosynthesis – where glucose (sugar) is made from water, carbon dioxide and sunlight Cells 8. Cell Wall •Surrounds plant cells •Gives cells shape and protection (rigid). 9. Cilia and Flagella • Used for movement Websites • http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm Question: • How are plant and animal cells similar and different??? Plant Animal How are Plant and Animal Cells Similar • In middle: – Many similar organelles – Living – On Left Under Plant: • • • • Cell Wall Chloroplasts Boxy shape Larger vacuole – On right Under Animal: • Have smaller vacuoles • Rounder shape Cells • All of these organelles need to work together to maintain homeostasis. – Select 2 organelles and explain how they work together to maintain homeostasis. Maintaining Homeostasis • Nucleus and Ribosome: The nucleus instructs the ribosome on which proteins to make. • Chloroplast and Vacuole: The vacuole stores the water that is needed to perform photosynthesis. Maintaining Homeostasis • Mitochondria and Chloroplast: – The chloroplast makes glucose that the mitochondria needs to make energy.