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Transcript
Social Psychology CHAPTER 18 Attributing Behavior to Persons or Situations Attribution Theory: Fritz Heider (1958) suggested that we have a tendency to give causal explanations for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition Is my friend a jerk because they are a bad person or just had a bad day Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of the situations in analyzing the behaviors of others leads to the fundamental attribution error When you start a romance, you assume that they agree with your world views….honeymoon period Effects of Attribution How we explain someone’s behavior affects how we react to it Social Effects of Attribution Political Effects of Attribution Attitudes A belief and feeling that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way to objects, other people, and events Attitudes and Actions Our attitudes predict our behaviors imperfectly because other factors, including the external situation, also influence behavior Tests or Math Actions Can Affect Attitudes Not only do people stand for what they believe in (attitude), they start believing in what they stand for Cooperative actions can lead to mutual liking (beliefs) Can also cause the end of friendships Small Request—Large Request Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon: The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request Example? Zimbardo’s Prison Study • Showed how we deindividuate AND become the roles we are given. • Philip Zimbardo has students at Stanford U play the roles of prisoner and prison guards in the basement of psychology building. • They were given uniforms and numbers for each prisoner. • What do you think happened? Actions Can effect Attitudes Con’t Why do actions affect attitudes? Leon Festinger: When our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension. This is called cognitive dissonance To relieve ourselves of this tension we bring our attitudes closer to our actions Social Influence The study of attitudes, beliefs, decisions, and actions and the way they are molded Conformity and Obedience Behavior is contagious, modeled by one followed by another We follow behavior of others to conform Other behaviors may be an expression of compliance (obedience) toward authority Chameleon Effect Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard Asch’s Study of Conformity Conditions that Strengthen Conformity 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. One is made to feel incompetent or insecure. The group has at least three people. The group is unanimous. One admires the group’s status and attractiveness. One has no prior commitment to a response. The group observes one’s behavior. One’s culture strongly encourages respect for a social standard. Reasons to Conform Normative social influence To avoid rejection or gain social approval Informational social influence Uses information to make a decision Obidence Stanley Milgram’s experiments