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Life and Chemistry:
Large Molecules
Macromolecules

monomers are linked together to form
polymers
dehydration synthesis (condensation)
 broken apart via hydrolysis


function is related to structure
Macromolecules

4 classes of biological macromolecules
proteins
 carbohydrates
 nucleic acids
 lipids

Proteins

polymers of amino acids

functions include






structural support
catalysis
transport
defense
movement
regulation
Proteins

each amino acid contains the following
 carbon
 H atom
 amino group
 carboxyl group
 side chain


provides unique chemical properties
Amino Acids to Proteins

peptide bond
joins two amino acids
 carboxyl group of one bonds with amino
group of another


20 used to make every protein

each distinguished by its side chain
Protein Structure

4 structural levels

1.
type, position, and number of amino
acids determine function and structure
primary structure


sequence of amino acids comprising the
protein
huge variation possible
Protein Structure
2.
secondary structure



regular, repeating patterns as a result of Hbonds
 helix
 pleated sheet
Protein Structure
3. tertiary structure


results from interactions between R
groups
final 3-D structure of a single protein
4. quaternary structure

arrangement of protein subunits into a
large macromolecule
Environmental Effects on
Proteins

structure affected by:
pH
 temperature


denaturation
Carbohydrates

primarily C, H, and O


1:2:1 (CH2O)
functions
energy source
 structure

Carbohydrates

4 categories:
monosaccharides
 disaccharides
 oligosaccharides
 polysaccharides

Lipids

no polymers
nonpolar hydrocarbons
 hydrophobic

Fats and oils

triglycerides
composed of fatty acids and glycerol
 fats vs. oils
 saturated vs. unsaturated
 energy storage

Phospholipids

composition
2 fatty acids
 phosphate containing polar head


forms biological membranes
Steroids

composed of 4 fused carbon rings

functions
part of membranes
 hormones
 development
 ion balance

Nucleic Acids

nucleotide structure
5-C sugar
 phosphate group
 nitrogenous base


function

storage, transmission, and use of genetic
material
Nucleic Acids
2 types

DNA


information storage
RNA

transmission