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Psychology
Study Guide Chapters 9 – Learning: Principles & Applications
Study the following and be prepared with your notebook:
Chapter 9, Section 1: Classical Conditioning
 Vocabulary
o Classical conditioning
o Conditioned response (CR)
o Neutral stimulus
o Generalization
o Unconditioned stimulus (US)
o Discrimination
o Unconditioned response (UR)
o Extinction
o Conditioned stimulus (CS)
 What did Ivan Pavlov show with his experiments with dogs? What could he accomplish?
 What are taste aversions? How can you develop a taste aversion?
 What is behaviorism and who are behaviorists?
 Review the case of ‘Little Albert’ (page 249)
 Be able to identify the neutral stimulus, US, UR, CS, and CR of an experiment
Chapter 9, Section 2: Operant Conditioning
 Vocabulary
o Operant conditioning
o Variable-interval schedule
o Reinforcement
o Shaping
o Primary reinforcer
o Response chain
o Secondary reinforcer
o Aversive control
o Fixed-ratio schedule
o Negative reinforcement
o Variable-ratio schedule
o Escape conditioning
o Fixed-interval schedule
o Avoidance conditioning
 What is the difference between a primary reinforcer and a secondary reinforcer?
 In the experiment with the chimpanzees and poker chips – what were the primary and secondary
reinforcers?
 How can you use shaping and chaining to train a pet mouse, rat, bird, dog, etc?
 What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
 How can a child that doesn’t want to eat something use escape conditioning and avoidance
conditioning to get their way?
 What is punishment? What are some examples of the disadvantages of punishment?
Chapter 9, Section 3: Social Learning
 Vocabulary
o Social learning
o Learned helplessness
o Cognitive learning
o Modeling
o Cognitive map
o Behavior modification
o Latent learning
 What did Albert Bandura’s experiment show with the ‘Bobo doll?’
 How did Edward Tolman discover the idea about cognitive maps and latent learning from his
maze experiments with rats?
 What did Martin Seligman identify as the three important elements of learned helplessness?
o stability ---- globality ---- internality
 How does learned helplessness develop? (Refer to Figure 9.12 on page 261)
o modeling ---- observational learning ---- disinhibition (page 262)
 What is CAI? How is it used?
 What is a ‘token economy’?
 How can people establish better self control? How can a behavioral contract help with this?