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CELLS
Building Blocks of Life
 Every living thing is made of cells
 Cells complete different functions
in different parts of organisms.
 Muscle cells help us move
 Fat cells store energy
Form and Function
 Cells have different sizes, shapes and parts.
 Their appearance will reflect their
function.
Cells Shapes
 Plant cells are usually
rectangular because of their
thick cell wall.
 Animal cells are usually
rounded because they lack cell
walls.
 Cell Shape Pictures
The Two Cell Types
 Prokaryotic
 Simple cells no complex organelles
 Small cells average size 1 micrometer
 Bacteria only example
 Oldest known form of life
The Two Cell Types
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Eukaryotic:
Complex cells many organelles
Large cells average 20 micrometers
Plants, animals, fungi, protists,
Evolved much later than prokaryotic
cells
Cell Parts
 Cell Membrane:
 Thin covering on outside of the
cell.
 Controls movement of materials
into & out of the cell.
needed
materials
wastes
Cell Wall
Thick, strong covering on the
outside of plant cells only.
 Provides protection & support
for the plant.
 Plan Cell Diagram
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 Cytoplasm
 Jelly-like material in the cell
 Contains the organelles.
 Organelle
 (small organ) A structure in the
cytoplasm that performs a specific
function.
Organelles
 Nucleus:
 The control center of the cell.
 Contains the cell’s genetic
material in the DNA molecule
 Nucleolus
 Found inside nucleus
 Produces ribosome
 Chromosomes
 Found inside nucleus
 Contain DNA
 Holds the cells ‘blue prints”
 Contain the cells genetic information
 Ribosomes
 The cell’s protein factory
 Endoplasmic Reticulum:
 Series of membranes used to transport
materials through the cytoplasm.
 Mitochondria
 Hot dog shape with many folds
 organelle where sugar is converted
to usable energy.
 Cells can have many mitochondria
 Site of cell respiration.
C
Chloroplasts
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Site of photosyntheisis
Captures sun’s energy to make food
Green, oval organelle
Contains chlorophyll
Makes leaves green
Photosynthesis
sunlight
6CO2 +6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
CHROMOPLASTS
 Same function as chloroplasts
 They use different wavelengths
of light.
 Contain the bright pigments that
give Fall leaves their colors
LEUCOPLASTS
 Used in starch storage:
 We will see them in potato
cells.
Golgi Body
 Flat sacs, look like stack of records
 Used to wrap materials so that they can
easily be transported out of the cell
 Makes lysosomes
DIFFUSION &
OSMOSIS
Diffusion
 The gradual spreading of molecules
from an area of high concentration to an
area of lesser concentration.
 Examples
 Smoke spreading in air
 Salt spreading in water
 Water spreading through a paper towel
Osmosis
 The diffusion of water into or out of
cells
 Examples
 Cells placed in salt water shrink
 Cells placed in fresh water grow
CHROMATOGRAPHY
 Chromatography: A technique used to
separate materials based on differing
chemical or physical properties.
 Paper Chromatography: The type of
chromatography we used to separate
dyes based on their solubility in water.
 Solubility: Describes how easily one
substance dissolves in another.
CHROMATOGRAPHY
 The dye with the greatest solubility will
travel the furthest up the filter paper.
 The dye with the least solubility will
travel the shortest distance up the filter
paper.
CHROMATOGRAPHY
 Other types of chromatography are
used to separate other materials. For
example gel chromatography is used to
separate DNA molecules.
Dye with greatest solubility
Dye with least solubility
Original line with mixed up colors.
Water