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VACCINOLOGY (BIO-301)
Credit Hrs 3(2-1)
Dr. Aneela javed
•Cellular immunity
• Maximizes the killing efficacy of the
macrophages
•proliferation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.
•promotes the production of opsonizing
antibodies. (IgG, IgM and IgA but not IgE
antibodies)
•Humoral immune system.
•Stimulates B-cells into proliferation,
•induce B-cell antibody class switching,
•Increasesneutralizing
antibody
production
(IgG, IgM and IgA as well as IgE antibodies)
Th17 helper cells mediate host immunity
against extracellular bacteria and fungi.
The regulatory T cells (Tregs), formerly known
as suppressor T cells, maintain tolerance to selfantigens, and abrogate autoimmune disease.
IMMUNE MEMORY
T cell-dependent activation
1. The T cell is stimulated to produce autocrines, resulting in the proliferation or
differentiation to effector or memory T cells.
2. A certain portion of the resulting effector T cells then activate specific B cells through
a phenomenon known as an Immunological synapse.
3. Activated B cells subsequently produce antibodies that assist in inhibiting pathogens
until
T cell-independent activation
1. An advantage of forgoing T cell involvement is that an
expedited immune response can be mobilized,
2. germinal center formation, isotype switching and affinity
maturation do not occur during this form of activation.
3. Also, because almost all memory B cells are derived
from germinal centers, effective antibody-mediated
memory is
4. against polysaccharide capsules of encapsulated bacteria
Live attenuated vaccines such as those against smallpox or yellow fever are the
most successful vaccines ever made and can confer lifelong memory, whereas
nonliving vaccines induce protection of much shorter duration and require
booster vaccination to maintain protective immunity. Thus, a single dose of the
smallpox vaccine maintains serum antibody titers for more than 50 years and
cellular immunity is also maintained for decades.
engagement of multiple innate pathogen recognition receptors is key to
generating T-cell responses of different magnitudes and functional
profiles [6, 12–14], suggesting that, the overall breath, functionality and
duration of acquired immune responses are dictated by early
innate signals triggered by live attenuated vaccines [6, 12–14].