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Unit 14
Katie Strohm, Arynn Pratt, & Myah
Meade
Wednesday, April 6, 2016
Period 4
LEARNING TARGET
DAILY DRILL
– SWBAT Identify & explain what
social psychology is, how our
thoughts affect our actions, & the
extent of the power of conformity
& obedience.
Q: What is social psychology?
A: The scientific study of how we
think about, influence, & relate to
one another.
Module 74
Attribution, Attitudes, & Actions
Introduction
– Social Psychology
The Fundamental Attribution
Error
– Attribution Theory
– Dispositional Attribution vs. Situational Attribution
– Fundamental Attribution Error
– Individualist vs. Collectivist Cultures
– Explaining our OWN behavior vs. Explaining OTHERS behaviors
– Self-Serving Bias
Attitudes & Actions
– Attitudes (believe, feel, & act)
– The two-way road
– Persuasion
– Peripheral Route Persuasion vs. Central Route Persuasion
– Influence on behavior
– The foot-in-the-door phenomenon
– “start small & build”
Role Playing Affects Attitudes
– Role
– Acting vs. Real Life
– Phillip Zimbardo
– Stanford Prison Experiment
– Abu Ghraib
– Person & Situation
Cognitive Dissonance
– Cognitive Dissonance Theory
– Tension Relief
– Experiments
– U.S. War in Iraq
– Implications of “Attitudes-follow-behavior”
– Changing behavior
Module 75
Conformity & Obedience
Conformity: Complying With
Social Pressures
– Automatic Mimicry
– The Chameleon Effect
– Social System
– Mood Linkage
– Empathy
– Suggestibility & Mimicry
Conformity & Social Norms
– Conformity
– Solomon Asch
Conformity & Social Norms
Conformity & Social Norms
– Normative Social Influence
– Social Norms
– Informational Social Influence
– Individualist vs. Collectivist Societies
Obedience: Following Orders
– Stanley Milgram & his experiment
– Later replications of the Milgram Experiment
– The ethics surrounding the original Milgram Experiment
When obedience is highest according to Milgram:
*the person giving the orders was close at hand and was perceived to be a legitimate
authority figure
*the authority figure was supported by a prestigious institution
*the victim was depersonalized or at a distance, even in another room
*there were no role models for defiance
– Other instances of Obedience
Lessons From the Obedience
Studies
– Experiments are meant to capture the underlying processes that shape real-life
behaviors.
– Strong social influences can make people conform.
– Milgram’s use of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Sorry you have Homework!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h6HLDV0T5Q8
Exit Ticket
*Write on separate sheet & place in bin*
– What is social psychology?
– Explain the attribution theory & the fundamental attribution error.
– Explain peripheral & central route persuasion.
– What did Zimbardo study in his experiment?
– What did Asch study in his experiment?
– What did Milgram study in his experiment?
Monday, April 11, 2016
Learning Target
Daily Drill
– SWBAT identify and explain how
behavior is affected by the
presence of other people, and
what the roots of prejudice &
discrimination are.
Q: What is culture?
A: The enduring behaviors ideas,
attitudes, values, and traditions
shared by a group of people and
transmitted from one generation to
the next.
Module 76
Group Behavior
Social Facilitation
– What is social facilitation?
– Affects on behavior/actions
–
Expertise Effects
– Crowding
Social Loafing
– Experiments regarding “group” effort
– What is social loafing?
– Particularly common among men in individualist countries
– Causes of social loafing:
– People in a group care less about the thoughts of others & therefore feel less
accountable
– Individuals may view their contributions as disposable when involved in a group
effort
– When an equal reward is shared by all group members, individuals may tend to slackoff. (free-ride)
Deindividuation
– What is deindividuation?
– A mixture of social facilitation & social loafing
– Deindividuation thrives in certain contexts/situations
– Interaction with others can have good or bad effects
Group Polarization
– Initial & gender differences tend to grow overtime.
– What is group polarization?
– Both positive & negative effects
– Positive: Spiritual awareness, reinforced resolve, etc.
– Negative: Increased prejudice
– Separation + Deliberation = Polarization b/t groups
– Extremism & terrorism
– Virtual group polarization
– Separation + Conversation = Polarization
Group Polarization
Groupthink
– Groupthink, Irving Janis, & the Bay of Pigs Invasion
– Groupthink is fed by four factors:
– Conformity
– Overconfidence
– Group Polarization
– Self-Justification
– How is groupthink curbed?
The Power of Individuals
– Interaction between social control & personal control
– Minority Influence
– Ability to sway the majority increases when the minority holds their position firmly &
does not waiver.
– Influence in self-confidence
Cultural Influences
– What is Culture?
– Evidence of culture throughout species
– Preservation of Innovation & Division of Labor
– Plenty of differences in culture exist, but the great similarity across cultures is
the capacity for culture.
Variation Across Cultures &
Over Time
– Norms, which are exhibited throughout cultures, vary
– When the norms of different cultures collide, we experience culture shock.
– Cultures evolve over time due to competition for resources.
– Culture evolves rapidly, but not always for the better.
Module 77
Prejudice & Discrimination
Prejudice
– What is prejudice?
–
Ethnocentrism
– Beliefs (stereotypes)
– Emotions
– Action
– Prejudice is a negative attitude while discrimination is a negative behavior.
How Prejudiced Are People?
– Observation of the actions and speech of people are used to assess prejudice.
– Gender & racial attitudes have changed dramatically in American during the last
50 years.
– Support for interracial dating has also increased. (9 in 10)
– Overt prejudice wains while subtle prejudice lingers.
– Prejudice can be automatic & unconscious
– Overt prejudice does still exist
– Gender prejudice & discrimination have tended to persist
How Prejudiced Are People?
Social Roots of Prejudice:
Social Inequalities
– The just-world phenomenon
– The rationalization of inequalities by stereotypes
– The blame-the-victim dynamic
Social Roots of Prejudice:
Us & Them: Ingroup & Outgroup
– The evolutionary ideas behind “us” & “them”
– Solidarity & Making judgments
– What is meant by “us” & “them”?
– Social Identities
– The ingroup vs. the outgroup
– Ingroup bias
– Predisposed Prejudice
– Partisanship
Emotional Roots of Prejudice
– Scapegoat Theory
– Evidence for the Scapegoat Theory
– High prejudice among economically frustrated people
– Temporary frustration intensifies prejudice
– Nourishment of prejudice through negative emotions
– Amygdala Activity
– Williams Syndrome
Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
– Categorization simplifies the world
– Categorization of mixed-race individuals
– Categorization as a result of stereotyping
– How we differ from other individuals in our group
– “They” & “we”
– The other-race effect (cross-race effect or own-race bias)
– Better recognition of faces from another group improves with practice.
Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
– Remembering Vivid Cases
– Believing the World is Just
– Hindsight Bias
– Justification of one’s culture’s social system
Video
(If time in class; if NOT, these videos are HOMEWORK!)
Crash Course Psychology #38
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGxGDdQnC1Y
Crash Course Psychology #39
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P0iP2Zm6a4
Exit Ticket
*Write on separate sheet & place in bin*
– What is group polarization?
– What is groupthink?
– How does culture vary across time?
– What is prejudice?
– What is discrimination?
Tuesday, April 12, 2016
Learning Target:
Daily Drill:
– SWBAT identify & describe the
psychological perspective of
aggression, and why we befriend
or fall in love with others.
Q: What is aggression?
A: “any physical or verbal behavior
intended to hurt or destroy” (789).
Module 78
Aggression
Introduction
– What is aggression?
– Biology & experience interact
The Biology of Aggression
– 3 biological influences on aggression
– Genetic
– Neural
– Biochemical
Genetic Influences
– Influence of genes on aggression
– Twin studies
Neural Influences
– Multiple areas in the brain control aggression
– Certain neural systems, when given provocation will either inhibit or facilitate
aggression
Biochemical Influences
– Genes, neurotransmitters, & hormones
– Alcohol’s effects on aggression
Psychological & Social-Cultural
Factors in Aggression
– Aversive Events
– The frustration-aggression principle
– Other aversive stimuli
– Reinforcement & Modeling
– Alternation of natural reactions through learning
–
Reinforcement
– Aggression-replacement program
– Cultural Differences
–
Throughout the world & within countries
Psychological & Social-Cultural
Factors in Aggression
– Media Models for Violence
– Social Scripts
– What creates them?
– Sexual aggression
– What can it be attributed to?
– Rape myth
– Altered perceptions
– Research
– Predispositions to sexual violence
Psychological & Social-Cultural
Factors in Aggression
– Do Violent Video Games Teach Social Scripts for Violence?
– Observations in media & behavior
– Research & Evidence
– View of the world as a result of violent media
– Opponents
Module 79
Attraction
The Psychology of Attraction
– Proximity (What is it?)
– The mere-exposure effect
–
Familiarity breeds fondness
– Evolutionary implications of the mere-exposure effect
–
Friendly vs. Intimidating Interactions
–
Automatic Prejudice is adaptive
– Online Matchmaking & Speed Dating
The Psychology of Attraction
– Physical Attractiveness
– Effect on first impressions
–
Supportive Research Studies
– Effects on feelings of popularity & dating
–
Moral superiority of attractive characters
– Attractiveness is unrelated to self-esteem & happiness
– Suspicions of attractive people
– Cultural Affects on Beauty Standards
– Place & Time
– Evolution
– Preference of physical features
– Influence of feelings on judgements of attractiveness
The Psychology of Attraction
– Similarity
– Do opposites attract or retract?
– Likeness tends to endure
– Rewards of being liked
– The reward theory of attraction
Romantic Love
– Passionate Love (What is it?)
– The two-factor theory of emotion
–
Emotions have two ingredients, physical arousal & cognitive appraisal (803)
–
Arousal from any source can enhance one emotion or another (dependent upon how we interpret & label the arousal) (803)
–
Experiments that prove this theory
– Companionate Love (What is it?)
– Involvement of hormones
– Adaptive Wisdom
– What builds a strong relationship?
–
Equity
–
Self-disclosure
–
Reflection of feelings
–
Positive Support
Self-disclosing intimacy + Mutually
supportive equity = enduring
companionate love
Exit Ticket
*Write on separate sheet & place in bin*
– What is aggression?
– What three factors influence aggression?
– What psychological & social-cultural factors influence aggression?
– What three factors are involved in the psychology of attraction?
– What is passionate love?
– What is companionate love?
– How do passionate & companionate love interact?
Wednesday, April 13, 2016
Learning Target
Daily Drill
– SWBAT identify & explain altruism,
conflict, & peacemaking.
Q: What is altruism?
A: Unselfish regard for the welfare of
others.
Module 80
Altruism, Conflict, & Peacemaking
Altruism
– What is Altruism?
– Kitty Genovese
– Bystander Intervention
– Darley & Latane
–
Notice, Interpret, & Assume Responsibility
–
Diffusion of Responsibility
–
Bystander Effect
– Happiness breeds helpfulness & helpfulness breeds happiness
Altruism
Bystander Intervention:
The Norms for Helping
– Social Exchange Theory
– Costs vs. Benefits
– Reciprocity Norm
– What we ought to do
– Dave Tally
– Social-Responsibility Norm
– High instances among the religious
Conflict & Peacemaking
– What is conflict?
– The elements of conflict are generally the same across all situations
– Social Traps
– Harm of group well-being through pursuit of personal interests
– Regulations, communication, & awareness can curb social traps
Social Traps
– Non-zero sum game
Enemy Perceptions
– Mirror-image perceptions
– “them” & “they”
– Vicious hostility cycle
– Perceptions become self-fulfilling prophecies
– People view their own actions as a response to a provocation, not the cause of
what occurs next.
– Hitting back harder
– Vicious hostility cycles
– Enemy perceptions form mirror images. As enemies change, so do perceptions.
Promoting Peace
– Contact
– When does contact help to resolve a conflict?
– Examples
– Contact is not always the answer.
– Cooperation
– Muzafer Sherif
–
Superordinate goals
–
Conflict reduced through cooperative contact
– Contact leads to the creation of a new inclusive group
–
“us” & “them” to “we”
Promoting Peace
– Communication
– Third-Party Mediator
–
Win-lose orientation to win-win
– Conciliation
– Understanding & cooperative resolution
– Charles Osgood & GRIT
– Working towards a common goal
Review of Multiple Concepts
Crash Course Psychology #40
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XoTx7Rt4dig
Homework:
Read the article on altruism & answer the associated questions. Be prepared to
discuss the article during the first part of class tomorrow.
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-s-your-real-motive-for-beingaltruistic/
Exit Ticket
*Write on separate sheet & place in bin*
– What is altruism?
– What is the bystander effect, and when are we most likely to help someone in a
situation (state at least 3)?
– What are the three norms for helping?
– What are social traps?
– Explain how the mirror-image perception is applied to the U.S. & Iraq war.
– What does GRIT stand for?
Thursday, April 14, 2016
Learning Target
Daily Drill
– SWBAT think critically about
altruism via a group discussion &
review important Unit 14 concepts.
Q: Which brain areas, as signified by
fMRI scans, were found to be
associated with altruistic motives?
A: Anterior Insula, Anterior Cingulate
Cortex, & Ventral Striatum
What’s Your Real Motive for
Being Altruistic?
– Go over answers to homework questions & class discussion on article.
Review Videos (TIME DEPENDENT)
Conformity: (4 minutes)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sno1TpCLj6A
Obedience: (5 minutes)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOYLCy5PVgM
Zimbardo: (4 minutes)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8vVjDkyH3Q
Anger: (2 minutes)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XG7ZH6JmsUs&index=59&list=PLivjPDlt6ApQhuYe9r7EVeWMGXJWAZsNw
Attraction: (2 minutes)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBuqfB4xjAs
Exit Ticket
*Write on separate sheet & place in bin*
– Write 5 facts that summarize what you have learned throughout Unit 14.
**REMEMBER READING GUIDES, VOCAB, &
TO STUDY**
Works Cited
APPsychVids. "Asch's Conformity." YouTube. YouTube, 23 Apr. 2009. Web. 22 Mar. 2016.
Cepelewicz, Jordana. "What's Your Real Motive for Being Altruistic?" Scientific American. Scientific American, 3 Mar. 2016.
Web. 22 Mar. 2016.
Crashcourse. "Aggression V. Altruism: Crash Course Psychology #40." YouTube. YouTube, 24 Nov. 2014. Web. 22 Mar. 2016.
Crashcourse. "Social Influence: Crash Course Psychology #38." YouTube. YouTube, 11 Nov. 2014. Web. 22 Mar. 2016.
Crashcourse. "Social Thinking: Crash Course Psychology #37." YouTube. YouTube, 03 Nov. 2014. Web. 22 Mar. 2016.
Joshandchuck. "The Stanford Prison Experiment | Psychology Is Nuts." YouTube. YouTube, 20 Aug. 2014. Web. 22 Mar. 2016.
"Milgram Experiment - Big History NL, Threshold 6." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2016.
Myers, David G. Myers' Psychology Second Edition for AP. 2nd ed. New York, New York: BFW/Worth, 2014. Print.
NationalGeographic. "Jason Silva on Anger." YouTube. YouTube, 11 Aug. 2014. Web. 22 Mar. 2016.
NationalGeographic. "Jason Silva on Attraction." YouTube. YouTube, 07 Jan. 2014. Web. 22 Mar. 2016.
"Prejudice & Discrimination: Crash Course Psychology #39." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2016.