Download Learning, Classical Conditioning

Psychology
Oswayo Valley High School
COGNITION
an exercise for and about the brain
Introduction
Cognitive Psychology
One Definition
The study of higher mental processes such as
attention, language use, memory, perception,
problem solving, and thinking.
Three Concepts
Learning
Thinking
Remembering
“I think, therefore I am”
Introduction
Cognitive Processes
Step #1 - Learning
The transforming of information so the
nervous system can process it; a relatively
permanent change in behavioral tendency that
results from experience
It is the “input” stage
Introduction
Cognitive Processes
Step #2 - Thinking
The maintaining of information over a period of
time; the changing and reorganizing of stored
information to create new information
It is the “processing” stage
Introduction
Cognitive Processes
Step #3 – Remembering
The process of obtaining information that has
been stored
It is the “output” stage
Learning
Classical
Conditioning
Social
Learning
Learning
Operant
Conditioning
Cognitive
Learning
Classical Conditioning
Definition
A learning procedure in which associations are
made between a natural stimulus and a neutral
stimulus
Ivan Pavlov
John B Watson
(1849-1936)
(1878-1958)
Key Terms/Concepts
Neutral Stimulus: a stimulus that does not
initially elicit any part of the unconditioned
response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): an event that
elicits a certain predictable response
typically without previous training
Unconditioned Response (UCR): an
organism’s automatic (or natural) reaction
to a stimulus
Key Terms, cont’d
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): a once-natural
event that elicits a given response after a
period of training in which it has been
paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR): the learned
reaction to a conditioned stimulus
Pavlov’s Experiment
Watson’s Experiment
The Case of Little Albert
“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my
own specified world to bring them up and I’ll guarantee
to take any one at random and train him to become
any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer,
merchant-chief, and yes, even beggar man and thief,
regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities,
vocations, and race of his ancestors.”
(1930, John B.Watson)
Principles of Classical Conditioning
Acquisition of a classically conditioned
response generally occurs gradually
Time of the CS before the UCS
Generalization: process in which a response
spreads from one specific stimulus to other
similar stimuli
Principles of Classical Conditioning, cont’d
Extinction: the gradual loss of an association
over time when the conditioned response is
repeatedly presented without the
unconditional stimulus
Spontaneous recovery: the sudden
reappearance of an extinguished response
Applications of Classical Conditioning
Flooding: exposure to harmless stimulus until
fear response to that stimulus is extinguished
Systematic Desensitization: a pleasant, relaxed
state is associated with gradually increasing
anxiety triggering stimuli
Applications of Classical Conditioning, cont’d
Counter-conditioning: a pleasant stimulus is
paired repeatedly with a fearful one,
counteracting the fear
coulrophobia
Pleasant Response
Taste Aversion
Operant Conditioning
Definition
Learning in which a certain action is reinforced
or punished, resulting in corresponding
increases or decreases in learning
B F Skinner
(1904-1990)
Key Terms/Concepts
Reinforcement: stimulus or event that follows
a response and increases the likelihood that
the response will be repeated
 Positive: something good is added after
the action
 Negative: something bad is taken away
after the action
 Primary reinforcer: satisfies a basic
biological need
 Secondary reinforcer: paired with a
primary and through classical conditioning has
acquired value and reinforcement
Predictable
Unpredictable
Number
Time
Fixed Ratio
Fixed Interval
Reinforcement after a fixed
number of responses
Reinforcement of first response
after a fixed amount of time
has passed
Variable Ratio
Variable Interval
Reinforcement after varying
number of responses
Reinforcement of first response
after varying amounts of time
Key Terms/Concepts, cont’d
 Reward: not the same as reinforcer; something given in
recognition
 Punishment: the process of weakening a response by
following it with unpleasant consequences
 something desired can be taken away
 something undesired can be added
Punishment does not in itself teach acceptable behavior
Punishment tends to work only when guaranteed
Punishment can create anger and hostility
Punishment may be imitated as a way of problem-solving
Punishment is sometimes accompanied by unseen benefits that
maker the behavior more, not less, likely to be repeated
Key Terms/Concepts, cont’d
 Shaping: the process of gradually refining a response
by successively reinforcing closer approximations of
it; technique in which the desired behavior is
“molded” by first rewarding any act similar to that
behavior and then requiring ever-closer
approximations to the behavior before giving the
reward
 Chaining: learned reactions that follow one another
in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for
the next
Social Learning
Definition
Process of altering behavior by observing and
imitating the behavior of others; also known as
modeling or observational learning
Albert Bandura
(1925-)
Cognitive Learning
Definition
An approach to the study of learning that
emphasizes abstract mental processes and
previous knowledge
Key Terms/Concepts
Latent Learning: learning that
is not obvious but goes on
under the surface; it remains
hidden until needed
(Tolman, 1930)
Key Terms/Concepts, cont’d
 Cognitive Map: a mental image of where one is
located in space
(Gould)
 Expectancies: beliefs about our ability to perform
on action and to get the desired reward
 Reinforcement Value: the preference for certain
types of reinforcement over other types
 Strategies: techniques for problem-solving
Principles of Cognitive Learning
 Acoustic Codes: recording the memory as a
sequence of sounds
Visual Codes: forming a mental picture
Semantic Codes: making sense of the letters by
figuring out what they might mean
OT T F F S S E N T
Principles of Cognitive Learning, cont’d
 Selective Attention: concentrating on one
sensation among many outputs while not
completely blocking out others; information that…
 Relates to a basic need
 Is of personal interest
 Is unusual or novel
 Feature Extraction: focusing on the significant
characteristics of the information selected for
attention
Principles of Cognitive Learning, cont’d
 Elaboration: the process of attaching a maximum
number of associations to an item to be learned
so that it can be retrieved more easily
In 1925, lawyer William Jennings Bryan prosecuted John Scopes for teaching
evolution and won the case. In1919, many states were won over to the cause of
the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the sale of liquor. Fourteen years
later the Twenty-First Amendment repealed the Eighteenth.
In 1925, lawyer William Jennings Bryan prosecuted a young high school teacher
named John Scopes who wanted to give students information about evolution.
The trial took on the atmosphere of a circus. It became a free-for-all, with
shouting by “liberated” (for that time) college students and young reporters who
reflected antireligious feeling that was then erupting in the country. The teacher
was found guilty, so Bryan won the case, but he was mocked so much during the
trial that some people believe that this led to his death five days later.
Principles of Cognitive Learning, cont’d
 Mnemonic Devices: unusual associations made to
aid memory
 Method of Location
Material to be Learned: grocery list (milk, eggs, celery, etc.)
Method of Locations: imagine a familiar location and place the
items to be remembered in various areas of that location. It is
usually effective to enlarge the items in a bizarre way.
How the information is stored: The sink is filled with milk that
overflows onto the floor. Giant eggs roll along the tabletop. On
the chairs, sitting at attention, are giant celery stalks; they
prevent the eggs from falling.
Principles of Cognitive Learning, cont’d
 Acronym
Material to be Learned: The planets
Acronym: Take the first letter of each item on a list and make a
word
How the information is stored:
My
Very
Educated
Mother
Just
Showed
Us
Nine
Planets
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Principles of Cognitive Learning, cont’d
 Narrative Chaining
Material to be Learned: A part of the brain: the cerebellum,
which controls balance
Narrative Chaining: Tie together the material to be learned into
a story
How the information is stored: He hit me in the cerebellum with a
brick, and I was thrown off balance….
Principles of Cognitive Learning, cont’d
 Principle Learning: learning in which an overall
view (principle) of the material to be learned is
developed so that the material is better
organized
Drill and Practice: “repetition aids learning”
Funnel Approach: learning general concepts
before moving on to specific details
Classical
Conditioning
Social
Learning
Learning
Operant
Conditioning
Cognitive
Learning
Picture Credits
Exercising Brain
http://thm-a01.yimg.com/image/eff5a4c1adb9efd4
Brain (with vessels)
http://www.alzheimer.ca/english/alzheimer_brain_mini_site/images/02a.jpg
Descartes
http://math.usask.ca/conicsdemo/DEMO/extensions/images/descartes.jpeg
Pavlov
http://www.psywww.com/intropsych/ch05_conditioning/05pavlov.jpg
Watson
http://www.psywww.com/intropsych/ch01_psychology_and_science/01watson.jpg
Pavlov – before, during after
http://www.northern.ac.uk/learning/NCMaterial/Psychology/lifespan%20folder/PAVLOV.gif
Pavlov - diagram
http://www.psywww.com/intropsych/ch05_conditioning/05pavlovsdog.jpg
Pavlov cartoon
http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/psychology/pavlov_conditioning_dogs.gif
Little Albert
http://cdn-www.cracked.com/articleimages/dan/scientific/albert
Marlboro Man
http://i44.photobucket.com/albums/f5/atanudotcom/marlboro.jpg
Michelin Tire Ad
http://aroundthesphere.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/michelin-baby-in-tire-ad.jpg?w=450&h=299
Picture Credits
Rat with Flag
http://www.activityvillage.co.uk/rat_with_flag.gif
Honeybee
http://honeybeesdisappearing.com/images/honeybees_disappearing_2.jpg
Shylock
http://www.toptenz.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/shylock-classic1.jpg