* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download SG-Ch 7 Learning
Symbolic behavior wikipedia , lookup
Behavioral modernity wikipedia , lookup
Observational methods in psychology wikipedia , lookup
Abnormal psychology wikipedia , lookup
Thin-slicing wikipedia , lookup
Theory of planned behavior wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Theory of reasoned action wikipedia , lookup
Psychophysics wikipedia , lookup
Attribution (psychology) wikipedia , lookup
Sociobiology wikipedia , lookup
Applied behavior analysis wikipedia , lookup
Learning theory (education) wikipedia , lookup
Descriptive psychology wikipedia , lookup
Insufficient justification wikipedia , lookup
Adherence management coaching wikipedia , lookup
Verbal Behavior wikipedia , lookup
Eyeblink conditioning wikipedia , lookup
Social cognitive theory wikipedia , lookup
Behavior analysis of child development wikipedia , lookup
Psychological behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Learning 1 How Do We Learn? 7. In Pavlov's classic experiment, a tone, or Objective 7-1:Define learning, and identify some basic _______________________ _______________________ forms of learning. is sounded just before food, the 1. The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring _______________________ _______________________ information or behaviors is called is placed in the animal's mouth. _______________________ . 2. More than 200years ago, philosophers such as John Locke and David Hume argued that an important factor in learning is our tendency to _______________________ events that occur in sequence. 8. An animal will salivate when food is placed in its mouth. Even simple animals, such as the sea slug Aplysia, can learn This salivation is called the _______________________ simple _______________________ between stimuli. This _______________________ . type of learning is called _______________________ 9. Eventually, the dogs in Pavlov's experiment would _______________________ . salivate on hearing the tone, now called the 3. The type of learning in which the organism learns to _______________________ _______________________ associate two stimuli is _______________________ .This salivation is called the _______________________ conditioning. A situation or event that evokes a response is _______________________ . a _______________________ . 4. The tendency of organisms to associate a response and its consequence forms the basis of _______________________ conditioning. 5. We acquire mental information that guides our behavior through ____________________ ____________________ . Complex animals often learn behaviors merely by _______________________ others perform them. This is STUDY TIP: Students often confuse stimulus with response and conditioned with unconditioned. The stimulus is the event that causes something else, the response, to happen. Unconditioned means "unlearned"; conditioned means called _______________________ "learned." Thus, an unconditioned response (UR) is an event _______________________ . that occurs naturally in response to some stimulus. An unconditioned stimulus (US) is something that naturally and Classical Conditioning automatically triggers the unlearned response. Objective 7-2:Define classical conditioning and A conditioned stimulus (CS) is an originally neutral stimulus behaviorism, and describe the basic components of classical (NS) that, through learning, comes to be associated with some conditioning. unlearned response. A conditioned response (CR) is the 6. Classical conditioning was first explored by the Russian learned response to the originally neutral but now conditioned physiologist _______________________ . Early in the twentieth century, psychologist _______________________ urged psychologists to discard references to mental concepts in favor of studying observable behavior. This view, called _______________________ , influenced American psychology during the first half of that century. stimulus. Stimulus (event or other trigger) -> Response Unconditioned = unlearned Conditioned = learned So, unconditioned stimulus + conditioned stimulus unconditioned response conditioned response 2 Learning APPLICATIONS: 16. When the US is presented prior to a neutral stimulus, Classical conditioning is all around us. It is especially common conditioning (does/does not) occur. in the realm of emotional behavior. Test your understanding of 17. Sexual conditioning studies with quail demonstrate that the basic elements of classical conditioning in the following classical conditioning is highly adaptive because it helps example. Then, consider whether there are emotions of your animals _______________________ and own that might have developed as the product of classical _______________________ . conditioning. 18. The procedure in which an established conditioned As a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her hat arms. Her behavior caused you to cry. You now have a fear of As a child, you were playing in the yard one day cats. a neighbor's cat wandered over. Your mother when stimulus is paired with a different _______________________ stimulus, thereby establishing the latter as a _______________________ stimulus, is called _______________________-_______________________ _______________________ , (who has a then terrible of animals) screamed and 10. The NS, CS isfear ______________________________ snatched you into her arms. Her behavior caused you 19. If a CS is repeatedly presented without the US, TheYou US isnow ______________________________________ to11. cry. have a fear of cats. 12. The The CR is then ______________________________________ 10. NS, CS is ----------13. The UR is ______________________________________ 11. The US is 14. You always--------------rattle the box of dog biscuits before giving 12. The CR is your dog a--------------treat. As you do so, your dog salivates. At first, 13. The UR is rattling the--------------box is a _ which eventually becomes a __ . its Youralways dog's salivation is abox . _ of dog biscuits before 14. You rattle the givinga. your dog a treat. As you do so, your dog NS; CS; CR salivates. At first, rattling the box is a _ b. CS; NS; UR which eventually becomes a __ . Your NS; US; CRis a . dog'sc.salivation _ d. US; a. NS; CS;NS; CRUR b. CS; NS; UR d (b) _______________________ soon occurs; that is, the CR diminishes. 20. Following a pause, however, the CR reappears in response to the CS; this phenomenon is called (c) _______________________ _______________________ . 21. Subjects often respond to a similar stimulus as they would to the original CS. This phenomenon is called _______________________ . 22. Humans and other animals can also be trained not to c. NS; US; CR d. US; NS; UR respond to _______________________ stimuli. This Objective 7-3: Summarize the processes of acquisition, _ learned ability is called _______________________ Objective 7-3:Summarize the processes of acquisiextinction, spontaneous recovery,recovery, generalization, and tion, extinction, spontaneous generalization, 23. Being able to recognize differences among stimuli has and discrimination. discrimination. _______________________ value because it lets us limit Use the following graph as a reference for the our learned responses to appropriate stimuli. Use the following graph as a reference for the answers to 15(a), 19(b),and 20(c). answers to 15(a), 19(b), and 20(c). Strong T I a. CS + us b. CS alone generalization confusing because of their negative social c. connotations. In the context of classical conditioning, Strength ofCR discrimination is a healthy sign that the subject of conditioning e n urs . e Weak I , ~ n_ .. __ ::::::000.."" Time 15. The initial learning of a conditioned response is called 15. The initial learning of a conditioned response is (a) _______________________ . For many conditioning called (a) . For many conditioning situations, the optimal interval between a situations, the optimal interval between a neutral stimulus and the US is _______________________ neutral stimulus and the US is _______________________ . 16. STUDY TIP: Some students find the terms discrimination and When the US is presented prior to a neutral stim- has learned the difference between two stimuli, much as a "discriminating coffee lover" can taste subtle variations between two coffee blends. Generalization is apparent when discrimination does not occur. Learning 3 APPLICATION: Bill had an American-made car that was in the shop more Objective 7-5: Describe how operant behavior is than it was out. Since then he will not even consider owning reinforced and shaped. an American-made car. 29. B. F. Skinner used Thorndike's 24. Bill's attitude is an example of _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ . Bill's friend Andy also had an American-made car with similar problems. Deciding that it was just that brand, Andy decided to try another brand. Rather than bunch all American-made cars together, he was a _______________________ buyer of cars. Objective 7-4:Explain why Pavlov's work remains so important, and describe some applications of his work to human health and well-being. 25. Classical conditioning is one way that virtually all organisms learn to _______________________ to their environment. 26. Another aspect of Pavlov's legacy is that he showed how a process such as learning could be studied _______________________ . Explain why the study of classical conditioning is important. _______________________ as a starting point in developing a behavioral technology. This principle states that _______________________ behavior is likely to _______________________ . 30. In operant conditioning, organisms associate their own actions with _______________________ . Actions followed by _______________________ increase; actions followed by _______________________ decrease. 31. Skinner designed an apparatus, called the _______________________ _______________________ to investigate learning in animals. This design creates a stage on which organisms act out Skinner's concept of ________________ any event that increases the frequency of a preceding response. 32. The procedure in which a person teaches an animal to perform an intricate behavior by building up to it in small steps is called _______________________ . This method involves reinforcing successive of the desired behavior. 33. In experiments to determine what an animal can 27. Through classical conditioning, former drug users often feel a _______________________ when they are in the _______________________ associated with previous highs. 28. Research studies demonstrate that the body's immune system (can/cannot) be classically conditioned. Describe the Watson and Rayner experiment. perceive, researchers have found that animals are capable of forming and _______________________ between stimuli. Similar experiments have been conducted with babies, who also can't verbalize their responses. 34. A situation, event, or signal that a certain response will be reinforced is a _______________________ _______________________ . 4 Learning APPLICATION: Remember that from the organism's point of view, 35. Which of the following is an example of shaping? reinforcement is always a desirable outcome. You may find it a. A dog learns to salivate at the sight of a box of dog useful to think of a photography analogy. A "negative" is a biscuits. reverse image in which the "positive" photographic image is b. A new driver learns to stop at an intersection when the not present. So too, negative reinforcement involves taking light changes to red. away an event-in this case, one that is undesirable. c. A parrot is rewarded first for making any sound, then for making a sound similar to "Laura," and then for Objective 7-7: Explain how the different reinforcement "speaking" its owner's name. schedules affect behavior. 42. A _______________________ Objective 7-6: Discuss the differences between positive and _______________________ is a pattern specifying how negative reinforcement, and identify the basic types of often a _______________________ reinforcers. _______________________ is reinforced. 36. A stimulus that strengthens a response by presenting a 43. The procedure involving reinforcement of each and typically pleasurable stimulus after a response is a every response is called _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ . _______________________ . Under these conditions, 37. A stimulus that strengthens a response by reducing or learning is (rapid/slow). When this type of reinforcement is removing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is a discontinued, extinction is (rapid/ slow). _______________________ _______________________ . 44. The procedure in which responses are reinforced only 38. Reinforcers, such as food and shock, that are related to part of the time is called _______________________ basic needs and therefore do not rely on learning are called reinforcement. Under these conditions, learning is generally _______________________ _______________________ . (faster /slower) than it is with continuous reinforcement. 39. Reinforcers that must be conditioned and therefore Behavior reinforced in this manner is (very /not very) derive their power through association are called resistant to extinction. _______________________ _______________________ . 45. When behavior is reinforced after a set number of 40. Children who are able to delay gratification tend to responses, a _______________________ - become (more/less) socially competent and high achieving _______________________ schedule is in effect. as they mature. 46. Three-year-old Yusef knows that if he cries when he 41. Immediate reinforcement (is/is not) more effective than wants a treat, his mother will sometimes give in. When, as its alternative, _______________________ reinforcement. in this case, reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable This explains in part the difficulty that number of responses, a _______________________ - _______________________ users have in quitting their _______________________ schedule is being used. habits, as well as the tendency of some teens to engage in 47. Reinforcement of the first response after a set interval of risky, _______________________ time defines the _______________________ - _______________________ . _______________________ schedule. An example of this schedule is _______________________________________ . STUDY TIP: Some students have a problem differentiating 48. When the first response after varying amounts of time is positive and negative reinforcers because they naturally think reinforced, a _______________________ - "positive" indicates a "good," or desirable, outcome, while _______________________ schedule is in effect. "negative" connotes a "bad," or undesirable, outcome. Learning 5 Describe the typical patterns of response under fixed- Objective 7-8: Discuss how punishment and negative interval, fixed-ratio, variable-interval, and variable-ratio reinforcement differ, and explain how punishment affects schedules of reinforcement. behavior. 54. Negative reinforcement (increases / decreases) a response by _______________________ an aversive stimulus after that response. Punishment (increases/decreases) a response by APPLICATlONS: _______________________ an aversive stimulus after that 49. You are expecting an important letter in the mail. As the response. regular delivery time approaches you glance more and 55. An aversive consequence that decreases the likelihood more frequently out the window, searching for the letter of the behavior that preceded it is called carrier. Your behavior in this situation typifies that _______________________ . If an aversive stimulus is associated with which schedule of reinforcement? administered, it is called _______________________ a. fixed-ratio c. fixed-interval b. variable-ratio d. variable-interval 50. From a casino owner's viewpoint, which of the following jackpot-payout schedules would be the most desirable for reinforcing customer use of a slot machine? a. variable-ratio _______________________ . If a desirable stimulus is withdrawn, it is called _______________________ _______________________ . 56. Because punished behavior is merely _______________________ , it may reappear. Also, b. fixed-ratio punishment teaches _______________________ , that c. variable-interval behavior that is unacceptable in one context may be d. fixed-interval acceptable in another. Punishment can also lead to 51. Lars, a shoe salesman, is paid every two weeks; whereas, _______________________ and a sense of helplessness, as Tom receives a commission for each pair of shoes he well as to the association of the aversive event with sells. Evidently, Lars is paid on a _______________________ _______________________. _______________________ schedule of reinforcement, 57. Punishment also often increases and Tom on a _______________________ schedule of _______________________ and does not guide the reinforcement. individual toward more desirable behavior. a. fixed-ratio; fixed-interval b. continuous; intermittent STUDY TIP/APPLICATION: To avoid the natural tendency to c. fixed-interval; fixed-ratio confuse punishment and negative reinforcement, remember d. variable-interval; variable-ratio that positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement both 52. Jack finally takes out the garbage in order to get his father lead to an increase in behavior, while punishment decreases to stop pestering him. Jack's behavior is being influenced behavior. In punishment, something bad occurs following an by _______________________ undesirable behavior; in negative reinforcement, something _______________________ . bad is removed. Complete the chart below of examples of 53. Your instructor invites you to her home as part of a select group of students to discuss possible careers in psychology. The invitation is an example of a _______________________ _______________________ . punishment and negative reinforcement. The first example has been filled in for you. 6 be acceptable in another. Punishment can also lead to and a sense of helplessness, as well as to the association of the aversive event with _ Learning 58. Behavior Driving while intoxicated In punishment, something bad occurs following an undesirable behavior; in negative reinforcement, something bad is removed. Complete the chart below of examples of punishment and negative reinforcement. The first example has been filled in for you. Consequence Which Is Taken Away, Something Good or Bad? Is This Punishment or Negative Reinforcement? Lose driver's license Good Punishment a. Forgetting to give your roommate a phone message b. Putting on your coat so that you are no longer cold c. Getting a drink when you are thirsty d. Using your laptop until the battery dies e. Your brother nagging you until you help him with his homework Objective7-9:Describe 7-9:Describe controversy Objective thethe controversy overover Skinner's Skinner's views of human behavior, and identify views of human behavior, and identify some ways to apply some ways to apply operant conditioning principles operant conditioning at school, in sports, at work, at school, in sports, principles at work, and at home. and at home. 59. Skinner's views were controversial because he 59. Skinner's he insisted insisted views that were controversial because influences, that _______________________ influences, rather than rather than _ ________ and _ _______________________ _______________________ shape behavior. and _______________________ shape behavior. 60.Skinner Skinneralso also advocated 60. advocated thethe use use of of _________ principles to influence peo_______________________ principles to influence people ple in ways that promote more desirable in ways that promote more desirable _______________________ . 61. Skinner's critics argued that he 61. Skinner's critics argued that he by neglecting their ________ people _______________________ people by neglecting their personal _______________________ and by seeking to 63. Inpersonal boosting productivity in the workplace, positive to and by seeking _________ their actions. reinforcement is (more/less) effective when applied to 62. The use of teaching machines programmed specific behaviors than when given to and reward general merit textbooks was an early application of the operant and when the desired performance is well defined and conditioning procedure of _ _______________________ . For such behaviors, to education. Online sysimmediate reinforcement is (more/no more) effective tems, software that is _than delayed andreinforcement. -based learning newer examples of this to application of own operant 64. Inare using operant conditioning change your principles. Reinforcement behavior, you would follow these principles four steps can also be used to enhance abilities by a. ______________________________________________ shaping successive approximations of new skills. b. ______________________________________________ 63. In boosting productivity in the workplace, posic. ______________________________________________ tive reinforcement is _ d. ______________________________________________ (more/less) effective when applied to specific APPLICATIONS: 65. The manager of a manufacturing plant wishes to use _______________________ their actions. positive reinforcement to increase the productivity of 62. The use of teaching machines and programmed workers. Which of the following procedures would textbooks was an early application of the operant probably be the most effective? conditioning procedure of _______________________ to education. Online systems, software that is _______________________ and _______________________-based learning are newer examples of this application of operant principles. Reinforcement principles can also be used to enhance _______________________ abilities by shaping successive approximations of new skills. a. Deserving employees are given a general merit bonus at the end of each fiscal year. b. A productivity goal that seems attainable, yet is unrealistic, is set for each employee. c. Employees are given immediate bonuses for specific behaviors related to productivity. d. Employees who fail to meet standards of productivity receive pay cuts. ductivity of workers. Which of the following procedures would probably be the most effective? a. Deserving employees are given a general merit bonus at the end of each fiscal year. b. A productivity goal that seems attainable, yet is unrealistic, is set for each employee. c. Employees are given immediate bonuses for 66. Reggie's mother tells him that he can TV after he specific behaviors related to watch productivity. d. Employees who fail to meet standards of procleans his room. Evidently, Reggie's mother is attempting ductivity receive pay cuts. to use to increase room cleaning. 66. Reggie's mother tells him that he can watch a. operant conditioning TV after he cleans his room. Evidently, Reggie's b. secondary reinforcement mother is attempting to use to increase room cleaning. c. positive reinforcement a. b. c. d. operant conditioning d. all of these procedures Objective 7-10:Identify the characteristics that distinguish operant conditioning from classical conditioning. Behavior 70. The reflexive responses of classical conditioning involve behavior. Learning 7 In contrast, behavior that is more spontaneous and that is influenced by its consequences is called .of _______________________ behavior. the influences processes and 71. 72. Classical and operant conditioning are both sub_______________________ predispositions. ject to the influences of _ processes and _ STUDY TIP/APPLICATION: If you still find yourself confusing predispositions. classical conditioning and operant conditioning, try the following. yourself two questions: (1) Is thefind behavior STUDYAsk TIP/APPLICATION: If you still yourself confusing classical conditioning and operant conditioning, try the following. Ask yourself two questions: conditioning)? (2) Does voluntary the learning(operant involve anconditioning) association (1) Is the behavior or involuntary (classical conditioning)? (2) Does the between two stimuli (classical conditioning) or between a learning involve an association between two stimuli (classical or between a response response and conditioning) an outcome (operant conditioning)? Test your and an outcome (operant conditioning)? Test your understanding with the following examples. understanding with the following examples. voluntary (operant conditioning) or involuntary (classical secondary reinforcement positive reinforcement all of these procedures 73. responses. Is the Behavior Voluntary or Involuntary? Type of Conditioning a. After receiving a mild shock from the "invisible fence" surrounding his yard, a dog no longer crosses the boundary. b. You flinch when someone yells, "Duck!" c. You ask more questions in class after the professor praises you for a good question. d. The pupil of your eye dilates (opens wider) after you enter a darkened theater. 67. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are both forms of _______________________ Biology, Cognition, and Learning _______________________ . Objective 7-11: Explain how biological constraints affect 68. Both types of conditioning involve similar processes of classical and operant conditioning. _______________________ , _______________________ , 74. Some psychologists once believed that any natural _______________________ , _______________________ , _______________________ could be conditioned to any _______________________ and neutral _______________________ . _______________________ . 75. Garcia discovered that rats would associate 69. Classical conditioning associates _______________________ with taste but not with other _______________________ stimuli with stimuli that trigger stimuli. Garcia found that taste-aversion conditioning responses that are _ Thus, in this form of conditioning, the (would/would not) occur when the delay between the CS organism (does/does not) control the responses. and the US was more than an hour is speedier, stronger, 70. The reflexive responses of classical conditioning involve and more durable when the CS is _______________________ behavior. _______________________ relevant. 71. In contrast, behavior that is more spontaneous and that 76. Results such as these demonstrate that the principles of is influenced by its consequences is called learning are constrained by the _______________________ _______________________ behavior. predispositions of each animal species and that they help 72. Classical and operant conditioning are both subject to each species _______________________ to its environment. 8 Learning They also demonstrate the importance of different 82. The early behaviorists believed that to understand _______________________ in understanding complex behavior in various organisms, any presumption of was phenomena. _______________________ unnecessary. 77. Operant conditioning (is/is not) constrained by an 83. Experiments by Rescorla and Wagner demonstrate that animal's biological predispositions. a CS must reliably _______________________ the US for 78. For instance, with animals it is difficult to use food as a an association to develop and, more generally, that _______________________ to _______________________ _______________________ processes playa role in behaviors that are not naturally associated with conditioning. It is as if the animal learns to _______________________ . _______________________ that the US will occur. 79. Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn 84. The importance of cognitive processes in human associations that are naturally _______________________ . conditioning is demonstrated by the failure of classical When animals revert to their biologically predisposed conditioning as a treatment for _______________________ patterns, they are exhibiting what is called _______________________ . _______________________ _______________________ . 85. Skinner and other behaviorists resisted the growing belief that expectations, perceptions, and other APPLICATIONS: _______________________ processes have a valid place in 80. A pigeon can easily be taught to flap its wings to avoid the science of psychology. shock but not for food reinforcement. According to the 86. When a well-learned text, this is most likely so because route in a maze is blocked, a. pigeons are biologically predisposed to flap their rats sometimes choose an wings to escape aversive events and to use their alternative route, acting as beaks to obtain food. if they were consulting a b. shock is a more motivating stimulus for birds than food is. _______________________ _______________________ . c. hungry animals have difficulty delaying their eating 87. Animals may learn from experience even when long enough to learn any new skill. reinforcement is not available. When learning is not d. of all of these reasons. apparent until reinforcement has been provided, 81. Last evening May-Ling ate her first cheeseburger and french fries at an American fast-food restaurant. A few hours later she became ill. It can be expected that MayLing will a. develop an aversion to the sight of a cheeseburger and french fries. _______________________ _______________________ is said to have occurred. 88. Excessive rewards may undermine _______________________ _______________________, which is the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. b. develop an aversion to the taste of a cheeseburger The motivation to seek external rewards and avoid and french fries. punishment is called _______________________ c. not associate her illness with the food she ate. _______________________ . d. associate her sickness with something she experienced immediately before she became ill. APPLICATIONS: 89. After discovering that her usual route home was closed Objective 7-12: Explain how cognitive processes affect due to road repairs, Sharetta used her knowledge of the classical and operant conditioning. city and sense of direction to find an alternative route. Learning 9 This is an example of 95. Bandura believes people imitate a model because of a. latent learning. _______________________ and b. observational learning. _______________________ those received by the model as c. shaping. well as by imitators. d. using a cognitive map. 96. Models are most effective when they are perceived as 90. Two rats are independently placed in a maze. One rat is rewarded with food in the goal box. The other receives no food reward. On a later trial, food is placed in the goal box for the "unrewarded" rat. What can you say about the rat's behavior on that trial? a. The "unrewarded" rat will run to the goal box just as quickly as the rewarded rat. _______________________ , _______________________ , or _______________________ . Models are also most effective when their words and actions are _______________________ . 97. Neuroscientists have found _______________________ neurons in the brain's _______________________ lobe that b. The rat will wander around the maze and never may provide a neural basis for _______________________ find the food reward. learning. These neurons have been observed to fire when c. The rat will find the food reward, but it will take monkeys perform a simple task and when they much longer than the rewarded rat. _______________________ . Whether the human ability to d. The rat will not even try to find the food reward. _______________________ and 91. Nancy decided to take introductory psychology because _______________________ is due to these neurons or to she has always been interested in human behavior. Jack distributed brain _______________________ is an issue enrolled in the same course because he thought it would currently being debated. be easy. Nancy's behavior was motivated by 98. By age _______________________ , infants will imitate _______________________, Jack's by various novel gestures. By age _______________________ _______________________ . they will imitate acts modeled on television. Children's a. extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation brains enable their _______________________ and their b. intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation _______________________ _______________________ c. drives; incentives _______________________ . d. incentives; drives Learning by Observation APPLICATIONS: Children-and, of course, adults learn a great deal by watching other people. Depending on the models, the Objective 7-13:Describe the process of observational behavior they learn may be good or bad. learning, and explain how some scientists believe it is 99. During holiday breaks Lionel watches wrestling, which enabled by mirror neurons. _______________________ his aggressive tendencies. 92. Learning by observing and imitating others is His brother Michael won't watch the wrestling because he called ,or _______________________ feels the pain of the choke hold, for example, as reflected _______________________ . This form of learning in his brain's _______________________ (occurs/does not occur) in species other than our own. _______________________ . Instead, Michael spends 93. The psychologist best known for research on time with Grandma, who cooks for the poor during the observational learning is _______________________ . holiday season, helping Michael to learn 94. In one experiment, the child who viewed an adult _______________________ behavior. punch an inflatable doll played (more/less) aggressively than the child who had not observed the adult. 100. Mrs. Ramirez often tells her children that it is important to buckle their seat belts while riding in the car, but she 10 Learning rarely does so herself. Her children will probably learn to watching violence on television (does/does not) lead to a. use their seat belts and tell others it is important to aggressive behavior. do so. 109. (Thinking Critically) The violence-viewing effect b. use their seat belts but not tell others it is stems from several factors, including important to do so. _______________________ of observed aggression and the c. tell others it is important to use seat belts but tendency of prolonged exposure to violence to rarely use them themselves. d. neither tell others that seat belts are important nor use them. 101. After watching coverage of the Olympics on television recently, Lynn and Susan have been staging their own "summer games." Which of the following best accounts for their behavior? a. classical conditioning b. observational learning c. latent learning d. shaping Objective 7-14: Discuss the impact of prosocial modeling and of antisocial modeling. 102. Children will model positive, or _______________________ , behaviors. 103. Children will also model negative, or _______________________ , behaviors. This may help explain why _______________________ parents might have children. However, _______________________ factors may also be involved. 104. Children in developed countries spend more time _______________________ _______________________ than they spend in school. 105. Compared with the real world, television depicts a much higher percentage of crimes as being _______________________ in nature. 106. (Thinking Critically) Correlational studies (link/ do not link) watching television violence with violent behavior. 107. (Thinking Critically) The more hours children spend watching violent programs, the more at risk they are for _______________________ and _______________________ as teens and adults. 108. (Thinking Critically) Correlation does not prove _______________________ . Most researchers believe that _______________________ viewers.