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Transcript
Homeostasis- Muscle cramps Muscle cramps occur in the body often during exercise when there is not enough oxygen being delivered to the body, resulting in a build-up of lactic acid. Our body relies on glucose and oxygen to produce ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) through cellular respiration, a complex method of converting nutrients into energy, that is split into 3 steps. In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate, resulting in a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Glycolysis only needs glucose (C6H12O6 ) and 2 ATP to begin the reaction. As the process of cellular respiration continues, the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain require oxygen in order to produce most of the energy made in cellular respiration, 36 ATP. Glycolysis is considered an anaerobic process, meaning it does not require oxygen, while Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain are considered aerobic processes, as oxygen is required. In anaerobic cellular respiration, pyruvate cannot enter Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain; instead lactic fermentation occurs, producing ATP and lactic acid. During exercise, more ATP energy needs to be produced to keep the body regulated, which also results in the need for more oxygen. The most ATP is actually produced by the electron transport chain, the last step of cellular respiration. The final electron acceptor is oxygen, as it creates a pull for the high energy electrons through the electron transport chain, which in turn creates energy to move the H+ ions into the intermembrance space, creating a gradient that causes them to be forced through the ATP synthase complex where the majority of the ATP is created. Muscle cramps are a result of a negative imbalance in the body, the amount of oxygen is not in a homeostasis state, and can have negative implications (there is not enough oxygen at the end of the transport chain to compensate for the necessary ATP needed in the increase of muscle contractions). In order for the muscles to contract ATP is extremely necessary as it is a crucial part of the sliding filament theory, which is the contraction of skeletal muscles. The body cannot function without ATP, and this can be seen with the toxin cyanide which works by blocking enzymes in cellular respiration ultimately resulting in a loss of ATP, shutting down vital systems until death. This obviously does not occur every time you exercise, and the body has a way to regulate this. Anaerobic cellular respiration results in a gain of 2 ATP per cycle, as opposed to 36 ATP in aerobic; however this small amount of ATP can keep the body functioning for small amounts of time. This happens because when pyruvate is created from glycolysis it has basically three fates based on the availability of oxygen. If oxygen is available it will go through the intermediate step which will convert it to aceytl CoA and it will be used in the Kreb’s cycle, then the electron transport chain, where ATP will become available for muscle contraction. If oxygen is not as available, it will use one of the two types of anaerobic respiration either ethonal fermantation or lactic acid fermentation. In the case of muscle cramps, lactic acid fermentation is used in order to maintain homeostasis throughout the body. Through the process of lactic acid fermentation pyruvate is reduced and converted into 2 lactate, the lactate then creates lactic acid. Muscle cramps are caused by a build up of the lactic acid created in lactic acid fermentation. Although only temporary lactic acid fermentation allows the body to compensate for the lack of oxygen, most commonly due to exercise, and create a small amount of ATP to temporarily keep the body functioning until more oxygen is available. In order to eliminate lactic acid build up, reducing muscle cramps, one must attempt to keep an even steady breath, allowing the most possible oxygen to be available to the body during exercise. WORKS CITED Bailey, �. (n.d.). Cellular Respiration. Biology. Retrieved July 10, 2011, from http://biology.about.com/od/cellularprocesses/a/cellrespiration.htm Cellular Respiration. (n.d.). InDepthInfo: Information Delivered In-Depth. Retrieved July 10, 2011, from http://www.indepthinfo.com/biology/cellular-respiration.shtml Roth, S., & Ph.D.. (n.d.). Lactic Acid Build Up and Soreness in Muscles. The original Judo Information Site. Retrieved July 10, 2011, from http://judoinfo.com/soreness.htm What are three different fates for pyruvate and under what conditions do they occur? - Yahoo! Answers. (n.d.). Yahoo! Answers - Home. Retrieved July 10, 2011, from http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20101203121131AADFu1M