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Bio102 Problems Photosynthesis 1. Why is it advantageous for chloroplasts to have a very large (in surface area) thylakoid membrane contained within the inner membrane? A. This limits the amount of stroma volume, keeping the concentrations of enzymes and substrates very high. B. This allows faster passive transport of small carbohydrates. C. This allows the organelle to have more copies of photosystems I and II and ATP synthase. D. The larger membrane improves its fluidity. E. This makes a more effective barrier to prevent protons from leaking through. 2. At the end of the electron transport chain found in the thylakoid membrane, the electrons are transferred to a molecule of A. H2O. B. NADP+. C. O2. D. Glucose. E. ADP. 3. For the electron transport chain used in photosynthesis, the initial electron donor is __water________________, the final electron acceptor is __NADP+___________, and the electron has gained/lost energy during transport. 4. Identify the metabolic process (such as fermentation, -oxidation, etc.) that transfers energy from the molecule(s) listed in the column on the left to the molecule(s) listed in the column at right. List only one process in each empty box. AcCoA ATP, NADH and FADH2 Citric Acid Cycle Calvin-Benson Cycle ATP and NADPH Glucose (or Light-Independent Reactions) Glucose NADH and FADH2 Proton Gradient Pyruvate Sunlight Glycolysis Electron Transport Chemiosmosis Transition Step Light-Dependent Reactions NADH, ATP and Pyruvate Proton Gradient ATP NADH and AcCoA NADPH and ATP 5. 2-carboxyarabinitol-1,5-bisphosphate (CABP) is an inhibitor of the Calvin cycle. 5A. Which one of the following enzymes might CABP inhibit? A. Hexokinase B. ATP synthase C. Citrate oxidase D. RuBisCo E. Pyruvate decarboxylase 5B. Why does treating chloroplasts with CABP eventually also cause the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis to cease? NADP+ can’t be regenerated without the Calvin cycle. 6A. A drawing of a chloroplast is shown below. Draw an arrow that points to the compartment where the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur and write the name of this compartment below. Stroma 6B. During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, protons (H+) are actively transported across a membrane. Draw a star in the compartment that becomes more acidic and write the name of that compartment below. Thylakoid Lumen 7. Each of the following three proteins or processes resides in a membrane and transports electrons. For each, identify the specific membrane where it is found and identify the molecule that donates the electrons to be transported. * Protein or Process Complex I Complex II Light-Dependent Reactions Membrane: Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Electron Donor: Thylakoid Membrane Water NADH FADH2 8. Which one of the following is a reduced coenzyme that is synethsized in the Light-Dependent Reactions? A. FADH2 B. FAD C. NADP+ D. NADPH E. NADH F. NAD+ 9. In a plant cell, where do the Light-Independent Reactions occur? A. Stroma B. Cytosol C. Matrix D. Intermembrane Space (IMS) E. Thylakoid Lumen 10. Name the carbon-containing molecule(s) that result from each of the following processes. Also indicate if these carbon atoms are being oxidized, reduced or neither in these processes. Process: Light-Independent Reactions Transition Step -oxidation Fermentation (in animals) Citric Acid Cycle Glycolysis Carbon-Containing Product(s): Redox: Glucose ox. red. neither Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA ox. red. neither Lactate ox. red. neither CO2 Pyruvate ox. red. neither ox. red. neither ox. red. neither 11. Indicate whether each of the following statements describes electron transport on the mitochondrial inner membrane (MIM) or the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis on the thylakoid membrane (TM) or both or neither by circling your choice. The initial electron donor is a water molecule. MIM TM both neither The membrane must be fluid to allow protein complexes to move. MIM TM both neither Electrons flow from a high energy state to a low energy state. MIM TM both neither A reduced coenzyme is produced. MIM TM both neither Energy is stored in a proton gradient. MIM TM both neither The electrons must pass through Complex IV. MIM TM both neither 12. For each process listed below, identify the coenzyme (or coenzymes) that are required. Then indicate if the coenzyme(s) is oxidized, reduced or neither. Similarly, identify the carboncontaining molecule that is produced by the process and indicate if those carbon atoms have been oxidized, reduced or neither during the process. Process Coenzyme(s) Calvin Cycle NADPH Citric Acid Cycle NADH, FADH2 Fermentation NADH (in animals) Glycolysis NADH Redox Oxidized Reduced Neither Oxidized Reduced Neither Oxidized Reduced Neither Oxidized Reduced Neither Carbon-Containing Product(s) Glucose CO2 Lactate Pyruvate Redox Oxidized Reduced Neither Oxidized Reduced Neither Oxidized Reduced Neither Oxidized Reduced Neither Transition Step Oxidized Reduced Neither NADH Oxidized Reduced Neither Acetyl-CoA 13. Metabolic pathways represent a mechanism to transform energy from one source to another. For each of the following processes, identify the high-energy molecule (or molecules) present both before and after the process. High-Energy Molecule(s) BEFORE the Process Acetyl-CoA light Glucose Proton Gradient NADPH, ATP Process Citric Acid Cycle Electron transport from Photosystem II to Photosystem I Anaerobic Metabolism (in humans) ATP Synthase Light-Independent Reactions High-Energy Molecule(s) AFTER the Process NADH, FADH2 electron ATP, Lactate ATP Glucose 14. Which one of the following is a key enzyme in photosynthesis? A. AMPK B. RuBisCo C. PFK D. Hexokinase E. Citrate Synthase 15. For each statement below, indicate if it is true for electron transport that happens in mitochondria, electron transport that happens in chloroplasts, both or neither by circling your choice. The electron transport chain is located on the Inner Membrane. Mitochondria Chloroplasts Both Neither Water is reduced to form molecular oxygen. Mitochondria Chloroplasts Both Neither A coenzyme is oxidized. Mitochondria Chloroplasts Both Neither Protons are moved by active transport. Mitochondria Chloroplasts Both Neither Electron transport relies on a functional antenna complex Mitochondria Chloroplasts Both Neither Energy is stored by making one compartment of an organelle more acidic. Mitochondria Chloroplasts Both Neither 16. Follow the Carbon! For each process listed below, list what carbon containing compound(s) are put in and what carbon containing compound(s) come out. Also indicate the relative numbers for each process except -oxidation. The first one is done as an example. Input Process Output Glucose Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate Citric Acid Cycle CO2 Fermentation (in fungi or plants) Ethanol + CO2 Light-Independent Reactions Glucose Transition Step AcCoA + CO2 AcCoA Pyruvate CO2 Pyruvate Fatty acids -Oxidation 17. Name one process or pathway that stores energy in each of the following molecules. Notice that there may be more than one correct answer for each blank; just choose any one that is correct. _______Citric Acid Cycle_________ ________Glycolysis__________ __________ Electron Transport____ __________ Transition Step ______ __ Light-Dependent Reactions____ ____ Light-Independent Reactions _ _______ Citric Acid Cycle ________ _______ Citric Acid Cycle ________ stores energy in FADH2 stores energy in ATP stores energy in a H+ gradient stores energy in AcCoA stores energy in NADPH stores energy in Glucose stores energy in NADH stores energy in GTP 18. List the high-energy molecules that are produced by each of the following processes. There may be more than one correct answer; list all that apply. It is not necessary to list the number of each molecule formed. Citric Acid Cycle: NADH, FADH2, ATP Glycolysis: ATP, NADH, Pyruvate Transition Step: NADH, AcCoA -oxidation: AcCoA, NADH Light-dependent reactions: NADPH, ATP 19. Classify each of the following reactions as an oxidation reaction, a reduction reaction, both or neither. NADP+ → NADPH Oxidation Reduction Both Neither ADP + PO4 → ATP Oxidation Reduction Both Neither Oxidation Reduction Both Neither Pyruvate → Ethanol + CO2 Oxidation Reduction Both Neither 4 H+ + O2 → 2 H2O Oxidation Reduction Both Neither 20. For each carbon-contain molecule listed on the left, indicate which pathway (or pathways) in which it is produced. List all that apply. A Alcoholic Fermentation B -Oxidation __B I______ Acetyl-CoA (AcCoA) C Citric Acid Cycle __A C I____ CO2 D Deamination __A_______ Ethanol E Glycolysis __G_______ Glucose F Light-Dependent Reactions __E_______ Pyruvate G Light-Independent Reactions H Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis I Transition Step 21. It’s obvious that the Light-Independent Reactions of photosynthesis can’t continue without the high-energy molecules produced by the Light-Dependent Reactions. But would it be possible for the Light-Dependent Reactions to continue if the Light-Independent Reactions were blocked? Why or why not? No. If the light-dependent reactions were blocked, NADPH can’t be recycled to NADP+. Without NADP+, the electrons have no where to go in the light-dependent reactions thus causing them to shut down. 22. Which complex (or complexes) is correctly described by each of the statements below? List all that apply. A ATP Synthase B Complex I __E________ Releases low energy electrons to O2. C Complex II __B D E F__ __A F G H__ __G H_____ ___C_______ Can transport protons against their diffusion gradient. D Complex III Located in the thylakoid membrane. E Complex IV Contains chlorophyll. F Cytochrome Complex Oxidizes FADH2. G Photosystem I H Photosystem II I None of these 23. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have electron transport chains. For each electron transport chain, identify the molecule (or molecules) that is the source of the electrons and where those electrons end up as they leave the chain. Also identify where the energy is stored. Mitochondria Electrons are donated by NADH and FADH2 Electrons are received by Energy is stored as Complex I or Complex II Proton Gradient Photosystem II Proton Gradient and NADPH Water Chloroplasts 24. Follow the Carbon! For each process listed below, list what carbon containing compound(s) are put in and what carbon containing compound(s) come out. Also indicate the relative numbers for each process. The first one is done as an example. Input Process Output Glucose Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate Citric Acid Cycle CO2 Alcoholic Fermentation Ethanol and CO2 Light-Independent Reactions Glucose Transition Step Acetyl-CoA and CO2 Acetyl-CoA Pyruvate CO2 Pyruvate