Download MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE File

Honors Living Environment
Midterm Study Guide
Name ____________________________
Here is a list by chapter of concepts and terminology that we have already discussed in class
and that you should already know. Please use this guide as well as your individual chapter
study guides, class notes, handouts, online activities, online videos, and past exams to review
for the midterm. The midterm is based on SATII Biology type questions and will require not just
simple recall of information, but differentiation of concepts and analysis of real world
applications. Remember, you are prepping for the SATII exam in June. Therefore, your midterm
will be reflective of the reading level, question difficulty, and pace of that exam. NO
CALCULATORS WILL BE ALLOWED.
Chapter 1: Introduction
The scientific method
How to design a controlled experiment
Chapter 2: Essential Chemistry
Trace elements
Elements vs compounds
Structure of the atom
Isotopes
Types of bonds: covalent, ionic, hydrogen
Properties of water: cohesion, adhesion, evaporative cooling, surface tension, density, solvent
pH scale and examples of acids and bases
Chapter 3: Molecules of Life
Hydrocarbons
Functional groups: hydroxyl, carbonyl, amino, carboxyl
Dehydration synthesis vs hydrolysis reactions
Polymers vs monomers
Examples of monomers and polymers for each macromolecule (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
nucleic acids)
Isomers
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Hydrophobic vs hydrophillic
Saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids
Steroids
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary protein structure
Denaturation
DNA vs RNA
Components of a nucleotide
Chapter 4: Tour of the Cell
Parts of compound microscope
Magnification, resolving power
Electron microscope
Scanning electron microscope vs transmission electron microscope
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells (know labeled diagrams too!)
Cell membrane structure/Fluid Mosaic Model
Cellular organelles and their functions
Chapter 5: The Working Cell
Potential vs kinetic energy
Conservation of energy
Entropy
Chemical energy
ATP structure and function
ADP-ATP cycle
Energy coupling
Enzymes
Induced fit vs lock and key
Enzyme inhibitors: competitive, non competitive, allosteric
Feedback regulation
Types of passive transport
Active Transport
Types of solutions: hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
Plasmolysis
Exocytosis
3 types of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated
Signal transduction pathway
Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration
Relationship between respiration and photosynthesis
Equation
Redox reactions
Glycolysis ** details of brochure
Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle ** details of brochure
ETC ** details of brochure
ATP Synthase
Electron carriers
Aerobic vs anaerobic
Types of fermentation
Facultative vs obligate anaerobes
Obligate aerobes
Chapter 7: Photosynthesis
Equation
Light reactions vs dark reactions
Light reactions ** details of photosystems
Calvin Cycle ** details of PGA, G3P, RuBP, Rubisco,
Electron carriers
Electromagnetic spectrum
Chloroplast pigments
C3, C4, CAM plants
Effect on global warming
Chapter 8: Cellular Reproduction
Chromatin, chromatid, sister chromatids, chromosome, centromere, kinetochore
Cell cycle
Mitosis phases
Cytokinesis
Cancer
Benign vs malignant tumors
Metastasis
Carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia
Radiation and chemotherapy
Homologous chromosomes
Karyotype
Diploid vs haploid
Gametes
Fertilization
Zygote
Meiosis I vs Meiosis II
Comparison of mitosis and meiosis
Crossing over/genetic recombination
Nondisjunction
Down syndrome
Chiasmata
Klinefelter vs Turner syndrome
Chapter 9: Pattern of Inheritance
Mendel’s experiments/mathematically driven
P, F1, F2 generations
Law of Segregation
Monohybrid crosses: dominance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles (ABO)
Law of Independent Assortment
Dihybrid crosses
9:3:3:1 ratio
Probability
Rule of multiplication
Rule of addition
Pedigrees
Recessive disorders
Dominant disorders
Pleiotropy
Polygenic inheritance
Chromosome theory of inheritance
Linked genes
Linkage maps
Sex linked crosses
Carriers
Sex linked diseases
Chapter 10: DNA Structure and Function
DNA structure
Watson, Crick, Franklin
X-ray crystallography data
DNA replication ** details of steps
Helicase
DNA polymerase
Leading strand
Lagging strand
Okazaki fragments
Replication fork
RNA primer
DNA ligase
Transcription ** details of steps
Processing Eukaryotic RNA (Pre-mRNA → Post-mRNA)
Translation steps ** details of steps
How mutations affect replication, transcription, translation
Bacteriophages
Lytic vs Lysogenic Cycles
Plant vs Animal viruses
HIV
Chapter 11: How Genes are Controlled
Prokaryotic gene regulation: lac operon ** details of steps
PROG
Eukaryotic gene regulation: “pipeline” from chromosome to protein (fig 11.5)
Enhancers
Silencers
Activators
Alternative RNA splicing
Cell signaling
DNA microarrays
Cloning: nuclear transplantation
Reproductive cloning
Therapeutic cloning
Embryonic vs adult stem cells
oncogenes/proto-oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
BRCA1 gene
Homeotic genes/homeoboxes
Chapter 12: DNA Technology
Humulin
GM foods
Pharm animals
Recombinant DNA ** detailed steps
Restriction enzymes
RFLPs
Genomic library
Nucleic acid probe
DNA fingerprinting
PCR
Gel Electrophoresis
STR analysis
Human genome project
Human gene therapy
Chapter 13: How Populations Evolve
Darwin
Natural selection
Evolutionary adaptation
Lamark
Voyage of Beagle
Descent with modification
Cladogram
Evidences for evolution: fossil record, biogeography, comparative anatomy (homologous and
vestigial structures), comparative embryology, molecular biology
Darwin’s observations and inference
Population genetics
Polymorphic
Hardy Weinberg Equations
Genetic drift
Bottleneck effect
Founder effect
Gene flow
3 outcomes of natural selection: directional, disruptive, stabilizing