Download Ch 3 Cell Processes Powerpoint Student edition 2016

3/15/16
Chapter 3
“Cell Processes”
Learning Target
l 
I can….
l 
1)Explain the
difference between
diffusion and osmosis.
l 
2)Predict the
movement of particles
into and out of a cell.
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Section 3.2
“MOVING CELLULAR
MATERIAL”
”All” cells must obtain and use
materials for energy”…..
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ATP
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Stands for “Adenosine triphosphate”
Also known as “energy”.
It’s the fuel for cells.
How do cells get energy?...........
Cells break down sugar and fats to help
release energy.
This energy is transferred to ATP which
the cell can use.
The energy must be transferred to ATP
before the cells can use it.
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Quickcheck:
l  Which
organelle in a cell is
responsible for the production of
ATP?
l  MITOCHONDRIA
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Remember me:
“The Cell Membrane”
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Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is
made of 2 layers of
phospholipids called the
lipid bilayer
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Close that window!!!
There are many reasons we open and shut
the windows in our house.
l  Do you want to let all of the bugs and leaves
in?
l  A window screen provides the protection to
keep unwanted things outside . But it also
allows some things to pass into and out of
the room like air, unpleasant odors, or smoke.
l  How does the cell membrane carry out
similar functions to that of a window screen?
l 
The cell membrane
l  A
cell membrane, like a screen, will let
some things through more easily than
others.
l 
Ex: Air gets through a screen, but insects are kept out.
l  A
cell’s membrane is “selectively
permeable”. In other words it allows
some things to enter or leave the cell
while keeping other things outside or
inside of the cell.
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Solubility
l  Materials
that
are soluble in
lipids can pass
through the
cell membrane
easily
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What determines how particles move in
and out of the cell?
Which way particles
moves depends on the
l  a) size of the molecule
or particle,
l  B) the path taken
through the
membrane,
c) whether or not
energy is used.
l 
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Semipermeable Membrane
Small molecules move through the cell
membrane very easily.
e.g. (O2, CO2, H2O)
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Semipermeable Membrane
Molecules larger than water (such as
proteins) do not move through the membrane
on their own.
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Types of Transport
Across Cell
Membranes
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Moving things “without
energy”
l  The
movement of substances through
the cell membrane “without using
energy” is called passive transport.
l  The cell membrane can move things into
and out of the cell without using energy
either by:
l  Simple Diffusion
l  Osmosis
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Diffusion
Simple Diffusion
v  Doesn’t require energy
v  Moves materials from
high to low concentration
v  Example: Oxygen and/
or water diffusing into a
cell and carbon dioxide
diffusing out.
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Simple Diffusion
In other words
l  Molecules move
from crowded
l 
to less
crowded
areas
of concentration.
l  This can occur in
solids, liquids, and
gases.
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Diffusion “in action”…..
l 
l 
l 
l 
l 
l 
You might smell perfume when you sit near or walk
past someone wearing it. This is because the perfume
molecules are randomly moving throughout the air .
The molecules are going from an areas that is
crowded (such as inside the bottle) to a less crowded
area (such as the air itself).
There’s more space for the molecules to spread out
and move in the air.
Diffusion stops once there is an equal number of
molecules in both areas.
The molecules are in equilibrium.
DIFFUSION
Diffusion is a
PASSIVE process
which means no
energy is used to
make the
molecules move,
they have a
natural KINETIC
ENERGY
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Diffusion of Liquids
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Diffusion through a
Membrane
Cell membrane
Solute moves DOWN concentration gradient (HIGH to
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LOW)
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Remember there are three factors
that determine how particles move in
and out of the cell:
Which way particles
moves depends on the
l  a) size of the molecule
or particle,
l  B) the path taken
through the
membrane,
c) whether or not
energy is used.
l 
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Diffusion
Simple Diffusion
v  Doesn’t require energy
v  Moves materials from
high to low concentration
v  Example: Oxygen and/
or water diffusing into a
cell and carbon dioxide
diffusing out.
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Diffusion
Because they are so
small, molecules such as
Oxygen, water, and
carbon dioxide diffuse in
and out of a cell at “any
point” of entry.
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Osmosis
Diffusion of
“water” across a
membrane
l  Moves from HIGH
water potential
(low solute) to
LOW water
potential (high
solute)
l 
Diffusion across a membrane
sem-i-permeable
membrane
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Molecules that are
“not so small”….
Such as Glucose (sugar)
or amino acids (--a
chain of proteins)
Find transport proteins
to provide “doorways” to
help move material from
high to low concentration
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This is an example of how it
works…
Molecules will spontaneously move through the
pores of the cell membrane with the help of
“Channel Proteins” that provide a “doorway”
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Another example of how larger
molecules can get across the cell
membrane
Carrier proteins do
not extend through
the membrane.
l  They bond and drag
molecules through
the lipid bilayer and
release them on the
opposite side.
l 
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Sample problem….
10% NaCL
90% H2O
ENVIRONMENT
CELL
10% NaCL
90% H2O
No net
movement
What is the direction of water movement?
equilibrium
The cell is at _______________.
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Practice:Sample 1
10% NaCL
90% H2O
CELL
20% NaCL
80% H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
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Practice: sample 2
15% NaCL
85% H2O
ENVIRONMENT
CELL
5% NaCL
95% H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
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Practice 3
40% NaCl ENVIRONMENT
60% H2O
CELL
20% NaCl
80% H2O
What is the direction of salt (NaCl)
movement?
Practice 4
20% NaCl ENVIRONMENT
80% H2O
CELL
90% NaCl
10% H2O
What is the direction of salt (NaCl)
movement?
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Just a little more practice…
Draw the illustration…
25% NaCl
65% H2O
Outside Environment
CELL
35% NaCl
35% H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
What is the direction of the salt (NaCl)?
Explain your answers.
Answer……
25% NaCl
65% H2O
Outside Environment
CELL
35% NaCl
35% H2O
What is the direction of water movement? Into the cell
What is the direction of the salt (NaCl)? Out of the cell
Explain your answer. Molecules move from areas of high
concentration to lower concentration
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A simple rule to remember is: salt
sucks
Salt is a solute. When it is concentrated inside or
outside the cell, it will draw the water in its
direction.
This is also why you get thirsty after eating
something salty!
“container”
30% salt
70%
water
100%
water
0% salt
“Flower”
The addition of
salt in the
container lowers
the concentration
of water.
The water
concentration is
higher in the cells
of the flower.
What happens when you put
salt on a snail?
They will shrivel up!!!
l  Why?
l  The bodies of snails and slugs contain much
water in them. Due to the process of osmosis,
in the scenario of salt and snails, the snails act
as the area with high water concentration. On
the other hand, the salt that you add to the
snails has a low water concentration.
l  The snails really do not melt when we add salt. They dry up because too much water in their
bodies is sucked out of them and into the salt. The poor snails shrivel up and die as a result.
l 
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What do you think?
A fish that is accustomed to living in salt water is
placed in fresh water. What do you predict might
happen to the cells of the fish?
A. They might shrink up and cause the fish to die.
B. They would become healthier because the water
is so fresh.
C. They might swell and burst and cause the fish to
die.
The process of osmosis would explain the net
movement of water into a cell if the percentage of
A.  water was 90% inside the cell and 95% outside the
cell
B.  water was 95% inside the cell and 90% outside the
cell
C.  protein was 30% inside the cell and 35% outside
the cell
D.  water and protein was equal inside and outside the
cell
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Active Transport
v DOES Require energy
(ATP)
v Moves materials from
LOW to HIGH
concentration. It goes
v AGAINST the
concentration gradient
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Types of Active Transport
Some transport
proteins require energy
to do work
Sodium
Potassium
Pumps
(Active
Transport
using
proteins)
These “Protein
Pumps” change
shape to move
molecules: this
requires energy!
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2 Ways to Move the “Big Stuff”
1) Large molecules move materials into the cell
by endocytosis.
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Endocytosis
It takes in dissolved molecules as a
“vesicle”
is being formed.
.
This is sometimes called “Cell eating”.
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Now Watch it Work! J
Endocytosis: taking bulky
material into a cell
•  Uses energy
•  Cell membrane surrounds
the food particle
•  Called “cell eating”
because it forms a food
vacuole & digests food
•  This is how white blood
cells eat bacteria!
Another Way to Move the “Big Stuff”
2) Exocytosis-
moving large
things out.
Large molecules are moved out of the cell by vesicles
that fuse with the cell membrane through exocytosis.
Exocytosis is how many hormones are secreted and how
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nerve cells communicate with one another.
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Now Watch it work! J
Exocytosis: a process that
forces material out of
cell “in bulk”
Endocytosis &
Exocytosis
animations
•  Membrane surrounds the
material and fuses with the
cell membrane
•  Cell changes shape –
requires energy
•  EX: Hormones or
wastes released from
cell
Active vs Passive transport
l  Is
similar to riding a bike…It takes no
energy to ride the bike and carry
things downhill… (passive transport)
l  But
it takes energy to ride a bike to
carry you uphill…(active transport)
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Types of Cellular Transport
• Animations of Active
Transport & Passive
Transport
• 
Weeee!!
!
Passive Transport
cell doesn’t use energy
1.  Diffusion
2.  Facilitated Diffusion
3.  Osmosis
• 
high
low
Active Transport
cell does use energy
1.  Protein Pumps
2.  Endocytosis
3.  Exocytosis
This is
gonna be
hard work!!
high
low
SECTION 3.3
“CELL ENERGY”
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Here are your Target Goals:
I can:
l  ---describe
photosynthesis and
cellular respiration.
l 
It Begins with Sunlight!
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The sun’s energy!
Mostly all the earth’s
energy comes from
the sun.
Plants and some other
types of organisms
that contain
chlorophyll are able to
use the light energy
from the sun to
produce food.
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Photosynthesis
l  Involves
the Use Of Light Energy to
convert Water (H20) and Carbon Dioxide
(CO2) into Oxygen (O2) and High Energy
Sugar(C6H12O6 or Glucose).
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The Photosynthesis
Equation
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Pigments
•  In addition to water,
carbon dioxide, and light
energy, photosynthesis
requires “pigments”.
•  Chlorophyll is the primary
pigment that traps the
sunlight and it is found inside
the organelle called
chloroplasts.
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All organisms need energy….
Animals and other organisms “can not ” make their
own food.
l  Instead they consume plants and other organisms
as their source of food.
l  The food you eat has to be broken down so that the
energy it contains can be converted into a form
your cells can use.
l  Do you remember what that form of energy is?
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How do we get our energy??..
l  organisms
“break down food” and
release energy….
through a process called
l Cellular
respiration --- it
involves the use of
oxygen….. It is also called
“aerobic respiration”.
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Chemical Equation for
Cellular Respiration…
l  Study
this and tell me…
How is it similar to the equation for
photosynthesis?
Cellular respiration
In most Eukaryotes…
l  Cellular
respiration takes
place in the
mitochondria of
plants and animals.
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Releasing Energy From ATP
l  Energy
is released in your body in the
form of ATP. It is constantly being
used and remade by cells.
l  ATP provides all of the energy for
cell activities.
l  Most
of the energy “released” is in the
form of heat (which your body uses to
maintain body temperature).
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A little senseless humor…
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