* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Answers PDP Chapter 11.3
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Genetically modified crops wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression programming wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Polymorphism (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Pathogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Pharmacogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Human genetic variation wikipedia , lookup
Genetic drift wikipedia , lookup
Medical genetics wikipedia , lookup
Public health genomics wikipedia , lookup
Essential gene wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Population genetics wikipedia , lookup
Heritability of IQ wikipedia , lookup
Ridge (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Behavioural genetics wikipedia , lookup
Hardy–Weinberg principle wikipedia , lookup
Genomic imprinting wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Minimal genome wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Biology and consumer behaviour wikipedia , lookup
Name: ____________________________________ Title of Text: Ch. 11.3—Exploring Mendelian Genetics PreDuringPost Cornell Notes Essential Question(s): How does biological information pass from one generation to another? How can we use genetics to study human inheritance? Prediction: I predict this section will be about Mendelian genetics, which may have something to do with genetic crosses. Questions 1. What is independent assortment? Answers Mendel wanted to know if the alleles segregated with respect to one another or if they separated independent of one another. a. How do you perform a two factor cross with the F1 generation? [See lecture notes for actual cross method] Mendel crossed true-breeding plants with two dominant traits with true-breeding plants with two recessive traits. o Step 1: segregate the alleles of each parent genotype to determine the gametes (use FOIL or a Punnett square) o Step 2: place gamete genotypes in dihybrid cross and determine all possible offspring. b. How do you perform a two factor cross with the F2 generation? He then crossed the F1 generation to produce the F2 generation, in which independent assortment was observed. (See above for method; replaced genotypes with that of F1 generation. The principle of independent assortment sates that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. Independent assortment helps account for the many genetic variations observed in plants, animals and other organisms. 1 J.Adams/AEC/2010 PDP Cornell Notes Questions Answers 2. How can Mendel’s principles be summarized? Mendel’s “factors” responsible for heredity are known as genes. Genes are passed from generation to generation. Some forms of genes (alleles) are dominant, while others are recessive. Genes from parents are segregated during gamete formation. Alleles for different genes USUALLY segregate independently of one another (exception is when the genes are linked) 3. What is beyond dominant and recessive alleles? Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive, and many traits are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes. a. What is incomplete dominance? Cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another. (i.e. white flower X red flower = pink flower) b. What is codominance? Situation in which both alleles contribute to the phenotype. (i.e. black chicken X white chicken = erminette “speckled” chicken with black AND white feathers) c. What is caused by multiple alleles? Genes that have more than two forms, therefore represented by more than two alleles (i.e. blood type is determined by 3 alleles: A, B and O) d. What are polygenic traits? Traits controlled by the interaction of two or more genes (i.e. skin and eye color) 2 J.Adams/AEC/2010 PDP Cornell Notes Questions 4. How can Mendel’s principles be applied? Answers Patterns of inheritance observed in Mendel’s pea plants have also be observed in fruit flies and other organism, including humans. 5. What is the relationship between genetics and the environment? Genes and environment work hand in hand to determine the traits of an organism (nature vs. nurture) Vocabulary: Focus Words: Independent assortment; two factor cross; dominance; variation; environment Independent Assortment: independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes Summary (20 word max): Mendel observed independent assortment by performing a two factor cross. Dominance comes in different forms and environment increases genetic variation. Incomplete Dominance: situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another Codominance: situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism [com-“with, together”] Multiple Alleles: three or more alleles of the same gene Polygenic Traits: trait controlled by two or more genes [poly—“many”; genos—“race, offspring”] 3 J.Adams/AEC/2010