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AP Biology Mrs. Forrest Welcome to AP Biology 2016-2017 I’m thrilled to have the opportunity to teach AP Biology to you next year. One of the great things about this course is that it is an electiveit is fair to assume that all of us have a strong natural interest in the subject. This summer review packet is intended to prepare you for a rapid start to the year. Because the AP exam is given in early May, we will not be spending time in review at the beginning of the school year. You may also know that southern schools generally begin their year in early August, which means we are already weeks behind when we begin the school year after Labor Day. For this reason, summer assignments are critical for all AP courses. This packet consist of question sets for Chapters 5 through 8 of our textbook, Campbell’s Biology 9th edition. The chapters assigned for summer work cover organic molecules, the structure and function of the cell, enzymes, the cell membrane—all topics that you have already studied in your first year biology class. You may check out a copy of the textbook to keep with you for the summer OR you may take a photocopied packet which consists of the relevant pages from the book. Any of these can be picked up in Room B128 between now and the beginning of the school year. You will find that the AP textbook presents more detail and background than your first year courses did, but of course the concepts are the same. Reviewing this material will give you a good feel for the increased level of rigor and detail that we will be pursuing next year. The study questions for each chapter do highlight the concepts that will be most important to understand as background to the rest of the year. You will also note that many of the questions require you to think- they are analytical, not fill-in-the-blanks. Don’t skip these—thinking for yourself is a major part of any AP course. I will collect these homework assignments the first week of school. You should do a good, and complete job on all questions—they are not busywork and I will read every answer. We will go over the material briefly, basically a chapter per day, before we test these chapters and move on. Of course I will be available for extra help to anyone who finds they lack a good background in any of these chapters. Please do not hesitate to email me with questions. You can reach me at [email protected]. I look forward to getting to know you, and getting to know Biology together, next year. Mrs. Forrest Room B128 AP Biology Mrs. Forrest Name_____________________________ Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Campbell, Reece, Mitchell Biology 9 edition pages 68-89 th 1. List seven characteristics shared by all macromolecules. 2. Which is likelier to be uniquely found in the human body and in no other species- a monomer or a particular large polymer? Why? 3. Fill out the following table. You might want to wait until you have read each section to complete the columns. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Elements contained Major functions in organisms Naming conventions Monomer names Number of monomers or monomer types Name several specific molecules of this type Use of acronyms Exactly 20 Eg glucose AP Biology 4. Mrs. Forrest Compare and contrast cellulose, starch, chitin, and glycogen by filling in this table. Polysaccharide Molecules Molecule Made by what organisms? Functions Cellulose Starch Chitin Glycogen Structure- describe or draw the shape Characteristics Examples of familiar substances 5. Draw a saturated fatty acid, a triglyceride, a phospholipid, an unsaturated fatty acid, and a steroid. Label them. 6. Draw an asparagine and a glutamic acid molecule. Then show in a second drawing how they will bond to form a dipeptide. AP Biology Mrs. Forrest 7. Some amino acids are polar, some are nonpolar. What about their structure makes this so? What is the practical effect of this on the structure of a polypeptide formed? 8. If a protein has an area with several aspartic acids in a row, and another area with several arginines in a row, what is likely to happen as it folds? YES you can figure this out. Check the table that shows the structure and characteristics of these monomers. 9. What is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein? Briefly diagram and describe the following: 10. The primary structure of a protein- 11. The secondary structure of a protein- 12. The tertiary structure of a protein- 13. Quaternary structure of a protein- 14. What is denaturation of a protein and what causes it? 15. What is a chaperonin? What does it do? Why does it matter? AP Biology Mrs. Forrest 16. Explain the similarities and differences between the nucleotides of DNA and RNA. 17. How does complementary base pairing work in an RNA molecule as opposed to a DNA one? AP Biology Mrs. Forrest Name______________________ Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Campbell, Reece, Mitchell Biology 9 edition pages 92-122 h 1. Why are electron microscopes able to resolve images at much higher magnifications than light microscopes can? 2. By looking at images, how can you tell which was photographed through a light microscope, a TEM, or a SEM? 3. Explain why all three types of microscopes are still actively used in biology. After all, why not use the electron microscope for everything, since it has the finest resolution? 4. After three different decantations of a cell homogenate…….(underline the correct choice for each) a. The pellet will contain larger and larger OR smaller and smaller pieces? b. The pellet will be larger and larger OR smaller and smaller? c. The supernatant will contain larger and larger OR smaller and smaller pieces? d. The supernatant will contain fewer and fewer OR more and more pieces? 5. Given the ratio of surface to volume area of any solid, explain the best shape for an extremely large volume cell. AP Biology Mrs. Forrest 6. Label these drawings of cells. Be as complete as possible. 7. Relate these concepts to each other in a concept map or brief descriptions: DNA, chromatin, chromosome, gene, genome. 8. What functions would a cell be unable to perform without a nucleolus? How long could a cell live without a nucleolus? AP Biology Mrs. Forrest 9. Explain the difference between the function of free ribosomes and bound ribosomes. What is the big advantage of the bound ribosome? 10. Explain how it is that adding hydroxyl groups to a molecule can deactivate it, and make it easier to flush, (these are separate actions.) Don’t just quote the text- figure it out. 11. Why do each of the following types of cells need a lot of smooth ER? 12. a. Testis or ovary- b. Liver- c. Muscle- d. Flower cells in a walnut tree- Compare and contrast various vesicles by filling in the following chart. Type Cisternae of the Golgi Transport vesicles Lysosomes Animal food vacuole Plant central vacuole Protist contractile vacuole Peroxisome Glyoxysome Contains what things? Function? Where is it found? Does it move? If so, from where to where? AP Biology 13. Briefly summarize the three functions of the cytoskeleton. 14. Which picture is which cytoskeleton element? Label them. 15. Which cytoskeleton element (s) a. Resists compression and acts like a girder?. b. Pulls, provides tension like a bungee cord?. c. Hold a shape permanently 16. For each of the following functions, which cystoskeleton element(s) do the job? Nuclear laminaMuscle contractionMove the cell around from place to placeForm spindle fibers of mitosisAnchor the nucleus in placeMaintain the cell’s shapeForming the cleavage furrow after mitosisForm tracks along which organelles moveMove cytoplasm around and form pseudopodia17. Describe the commonalities and differences between cilia and flagella. Mrs. Forrest AP Biology 18. Label this diagram. 19. What does dynein do? Compare this to myosin. 20. Explain why most herbivores prefer to eat young leaves rather than mature ones. 21. Why is collagen the most common molecule in your body? 22. What are the functions of the extracellular matrix in an animal body? 23. Compare the plasmosdesmata of plants to gap junctions in animals. 24. Why do animals need desmosomes (anchoring junctions) but plants do not? Mrs. Forrest AP Biology Mrs. Forrest Name_______________________ Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function Campbell, Reece, Mitchell Biology 9 edition pages 125-142 th 1. The text provides a detailed picture of how the Fluid Mosaic model, or theory, of cell membrane structure was developed. This is a good realistic picture of the development of scientific understanding. Review by filling out this table. Model name Phospholipid bilayer Name of scientist(s) What did it state? Predictions made, problems Sandwich model Fluid mosaic 2. Consider the issues relating to membrane fluidity discussed in the text. Now relate these specifically to the needs of an arctic fish, a temperate-zone tree, and an extremophile archaebacterium which lives in hot springs. What will be the ideal composition of their membranes in terms of fatty acid types (saturated or unsaturated) and cholesterol? 3. Which three types of molecules are able to pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane? What properties of these molecules make it possible? AP Biology Mrs. Forrest 4. Label this diagram, describing what is happening. 5. What is the basic difference between a channel protein and a transport protein? 6. In the case of osmosis, which is the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane, why is it that the more solute molecules there are on one side, the more water will tend to diffuse in the direction towards the solute molecules? 7. What is the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion? And explain what is happening in the diagrams. AP Biology 8. What is osmoregulation? Why is it necessary? 9. How are carrier proteins different from channel proteins? 10. You place stalks of celery in several different solutions. Describe what will happen after 4 hours in each case. Celery in: • Tap water- • Distilled water-. • Lightly salted water- • Very salty water- • Lightly sugared water- Mrs. Forrest 11. Label this image showing what happens to red blood cells in solutions of different tonicity (solute content relative to the cell.) 12. Why does a carrier protein moving solutes up a concentration gradient (to a more crowded space) need to use energy to do this? AP Biology Mrs. Forrest 13. The sodium-potassium pump has two shapes. What two events alter its shape? 14. The movement of ions is affected by more than just their concentration gradient. What else is at work? 15. Label the diagram below. Indicate what process is occurring, and what the particles might be in each case. 16. Explain why a cell with many cotransporter proteins must also have many active transport proteins. 17. You are developing a drink to give to children who suffer from diarrhea. Explain whether it should be isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic in salts and sugar with respect to the child’s cells. Why? AP Biology Mrs. Forrest 18. Secretory cells use the process of exocytosis to release their products. It would be possible to use channel proteins instead; after all, the concentration gradient would lead to the diffusion of these molecules out of the cell. What do you suppose is the advantage of using the energy-demanding process of exocytosis instead? 19. The cell membrane is described as being selectively permeable. How could a cell alter the permeability of its membrane to a specific substance? AP Biology Mrs. Forrest Name_______________________ Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism: Campbell, Reece, Mitchell Biology 9 th edition pages 142-161 1. Fill out this table. You may have to think up some of the examples. Metabolism- the overall energy and matter management of the organism What is it? Example reactions- give at least two Anabolism Catabolism 2. Give three examples of energy transformations other than what is in the book. 3. Where does the energy used in most organisms come from? 4. When energy is converted from one form to another, one can always expect what else to happen? 5. What is the opposite of entropy? 6. Why do organisms need a constant supply of energy? 7. Why is heat energy relatively useless? AP Biology Mrs. Forrest 8. As you clean your room up, what happens to the entropy of the universe? 9. What do the relationships in the Gibbs free energy equation tell you about how hard it is to do your homework in a clean room? 10. What two characteristics are found, separately or together, in systems that are likely to react? 11. Why can organisms use glucose but not carbon dioxide, to power their metabolisms? 12. When looking at an equation for a chemical reaction, what could you do to guess whether the reaction was endergonic or exergonic? 13. Using the energy concepts in this section, explain why life is passed on from one individual to another but spontaneous life does not arise from nonlife. 14. What is the relationship between ATP and Adenine, structurally speaking? 15. Why are phosphorylated molecules more reactive than they were before phosphorylation? 16. In what ways is ATP like a gun? (maybe a toy popgun, not something really dangerous.) . AP Biology Mrs. Forrest 17. Label this diagram of an enzyme, and explain what is meant by induced fit. 18. Trace elements and vitamins have huge effects on the body when they are missing. Explain how such small quantities can have such a large effect. 19. All other things being equal, warmer temperatures make enzymes work faster up until they reach the point of denaturation. Why? 20. Now apply this idea to the difference between poikilothermic (cold-blooded) and homeothermic (warm-blooded) animals. What behavior and growth differences would you expect to see? Think about it. AP Biology Mrs. Forrest 21. Think of a tool or piece of machinery you are familiar with. What is the analog to each of the following in your example? I have provided two examples. Enzyme Substrate Product Cofactor Competitive Allosteric Allosteric Cooperativity inhibitor activator inhibitor A pair of scissors Large piece of paper Small, cutup pieces of paper The screw that holds the two blades together Rock jammed between the blades Spring that clamps to the handles, helping them to spring apart Rubber band wrapped around the tips of the scissors Bicycle Person Person moved to a new location Lubricating oil Knife stuck into the seat of the bicycle, ouch Kickstand is up so bike is ready to go Stick stuck into the spokes of the bike Your examplefeel free to write sideways! 22. Explain what is going on in this picture. First piece of paper being cut positions the scissors for perfectly cutting the next piece of paper On a bicycle built for two, a person in the first seat keeps the pedaling rhythm for the second person to follow AP Biology 23. Mrs. Forrest Using the principles alluded to on page 160, explain why eukaryotic cells can be thousands of times larger than prokaryotic cells without any loss of efficiency.