Download AP Bio Summer Assignment 2016

AP Biology
Mrs. Forrest
Welcome to AP Biology 2016-2017
I’m thrilled to have the opportunity to teach AP Biology to you next
year. One of the great things about this course is that it is an electiveit is fair to assume that all of us have a strong natural interest in the
subject.
This summer review packet is intended to prepare you for a rapid start
to the year. Because the AP exam is given in early May, we will not
be spending time in review at the beginning of the school year. You
may also know that southern schools generally begin their year in
early August, which means we are already weeks behind when we begin the school year after Labor Day.
For this reason, summer assignments are critical for all AP courses.
This packet consist of question sets for Chapters 5 through 8 of our textbook, Campbell’s Biology 9th
edition. The chapters assigned for summer work cover organic molecules, the structure and function of the
cell, enzymes, the cell membrane—all topics that you have already studied in your first year biology class.
You may check out a copy of the textbook to keep with you for the summer OR you may take a
photocopied packet which consists of the relevant pages from the book. Any of these can be picked up in
Room B128 between now and the beginning of the school year.
You will find that the AP textbook presents more detail and background than your first year courses did,
but of course the concepts are the same. Reviewing this material will give you a good feel for the increased
level of rigor and detail that we will be pursuing next year. The study questions for each chapter do
highlight the concepts that will be most important to understand as background to the rest of the year. You
will also note that many of the questions require you to think- they are analytical, not fill-in-the-blanks.
Don’t skip these—thinking for yourself is a major part of any AP course.
I will collect these homework assignments the first week of school. You should do a good, and complete
job on all questions—they are not busywork and I will read every answer. We will go over the material
briefly, basically a chapter per day, before we test these chapters and move on. Of course I will be
available for extra help to anyone who finds they lack a good background in any of these chapters.
Please do not hesitate to email me with questions. You can reach me at [email protected].
I look forward to getting to know you, and getting to know Biology together, next year.
Mrs. Forrest
Room B128
AP Biology
Mrs. Forrest
Name_____________________________
Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Campbell, Reece,
Mitchell Biology 9 edition pages 68-89
th
1.
List seven characteristics shared by all macromolecules.
2.
Which is likelier to be uniquely found in the human body and in no other species- a monomer or a
particular large polymer? Why?
3.
Fill out the following table. You might want to wait until you have read each section to complete the
columns.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Elements
contained
Major functions in
organisms
Naming
conventions
Monomer names
Number of
monomers or
monomer types
Name several
specific molecules
of this type
Use of acronyms
Exactly 20
Eg glucose
AP Biology
4.
Mrs. Forrest
Compare and contrast cellulose, starch, chitin, and glycogen by filling in this table.
Polysaccharide Molecules
Molecule
Made by what
organisms?
Functions
Cellulose
Starch
Chitin
Glycogen
Structure- describe
or draw the shape
Characteristics
Examples of
familiar
substances
5.
Draw a saturated fatty acid, a triglyceride, a phospholipid, an unsaturated fatty acid, and a steroid.
Label them.
6.
Draw an asparagine and a glutamic acid molecule. Then show in a second drawing how they will
bond to form a dipeptide.
AP Biology
Mrs. Forrest
7.
Some amino acids are polar, some are nonpolar. What about their structure makes this so? What is
the practical effect of this on the structure of a polypeptide formed?
8.
If a protein has an area with several aspartic acids in a row, and another area with several arginines in
a row, what is likely to happen as it folds? YES you can figure this out. Check the table that shows
the structure and characteristics of these monomers.
9.
What is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein?
Briefly diagram and describe the following:
10.
The primary structure of a protein-
11.
The secondary structure of a protein-
12.
The tertiary structure of a protein-
13.
Quaternary structure of a protein-
14.
What is denaturation of a protein and what causes it?
15.
What is a chaperonin? What does it do? Why does it matter?
AP Biology
Mrs. Forrest
16.
Explain the similarities and differences between the nucleotides of DNA and RNA.
17.
How does complementary base pairing work in an RNA molecule as opposed to a DNA one?
AP Biology
Mrs. Forrest
Name______________________
Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Campbell, Reece, Mitchell Biology 9 edition pages 92-122
h
1.
Why are electron microscopes able to resolve images at much higher magnifications than light
microscopes can?
2.
By looking at images, how can you tell which was photographed through a light microscope, a TEM,
or a SEM?
3.
Explain why all three types of microscopes are still actively used in biology. After all, why not use
the electron microscope for everything, since it has the finest resolution?
4.
After three different decantations of a cell homogenate…….(underline the correct choice for each)
a.
The pellet will contain larger and larger OR smaller and smaller pieces?
b.
The pellet will be larger and larger OR smaller and smaller?
c.
The supernatant will contain larger and larger OR smaller and smaller pieces?
d.
The supernatant will contain fewer and fewer OR more and more pieces?
5.
Given the ratio of surface to volume area of any solid, explain the best shape for an extremely large
volume cell.
AP Biology
Mrs. Forrest
6.
Label these drawings of cells. Be as complete as possible.
7.
Relate these concepts to each other in a concept map or brief descriptions: DNA, chromatin,
chromosome, gene, genome.
8.
What functions would a cell be unable to perform without a nucleolus? How long could a cell live
without a nucleolus?
AP Biology
Mrs. Forrest
9.
Explain the difference between the function of free ribosomes and bound ribosomes. What is the big
advantage of the bound ribosome?
10.
Explain how it is that adding hydroxyl groups to a molecule can deactivate it, and make it easier to
flush, (these are separate actions.) Don’t just quote the text- figure it out.
11.
Why do each of the following types of cells need a lot of smooth ER?
12.
a.
Testis or ovary-
b.
Liver-
c.
Muscle-
d.
Flower cells in a walnut tree-
Compare and contrast various vesicles by filling in the following chart.
Type
Cisternae of the
Golgi
Transport vesicles
Lysosomes
Animal food
vacuole
Plant central
vacuole
Protist contractile
vacuole
Peroxisome
Glyoxysome
Contains what
things?
Function?
Where is it found?
Does it move? If so,
from where to
where?
AP Biology
13.
Briefly summarize the three functions of the cytoskeleton.
14.
Which picture is which cytoskeleton element? Label them.
15.
Which cytoskeleton element (s)
a.
Resists compression and acts like a girder?.
b.
Pulls, provides tension like a bungee cord?.
c.
Hold a shape permanently
16.
For each of the following functions, which cystoskeleton element(s) do the job?
Nuclear laminaMuscle contractionMove the cell around from place to placeForm spindle fibers of mitosisAnchor the nucleus in placeMaintain the cell’s shapeForming the cleavage furrow after mitosisForm tracks along which organelles moveMove cytoplasm around and form pseudopodia17.
Describe the commonalities and differences between cilia and flagella.
Mrs. Forrest
AP Biology
18.
Label this diagram.
19.
What does dynein do? Compare this to myosin.
20.
Explain why most herbivores prefer to eat young leaves rather than mature ones.
21.
Why is collagen the most common molecule in your body?
22.
What are the functions of the extracellular matrix in an animal body?
23.
Compare the plasmosdesmata of plants to gap junctions in animals.
24.
Why do animals need desmosomes (anchoring junctions) but plants do not?
Mrs. Forrest
AP Biology
Mrs. Forrest
Name_______________________
Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function
Campbell, Reece, Mitchell Biology 9 edition pages 125-142
th
1.
The text provides a detailed picture of how the Fluid Mosaic model, or theory, of cell membrane
structure was developed. This is a good realistic picture of the development of scientific
understanding. Review by filling out this table.
Model name
Phospholipid
bilayer
Name of scientist(s)
What did it state?
Predictions made, problems
Sandwich
model
Fluid mosaic
2.
Consider the issues relating to membrane fluidity discussed in the text. Now relate these specifically
to the needs of an arctic fish, a temperate-zone tree, and an extremophile archaebacterium which
lives in hot springs. What will be the ideal composition of their membranes in terms of fatty acid
types (saturated or unsaturated) and cholesterol?
3.
Which three types of molecules are able to pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer of a cell
membrane? What properties of these molecules make it possible?
AP Biology
Mrs. Forrest
4.
Label this diagram, describing what is happening.
5.
What is the basic difference between a channel protein and a transport protein?
6.
In the case of osmosis, which is the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable
membrane, why is it that the more solute molecules there are on one side, the more water will tend to
diffuse in the direction towards the solute molecules?
7.
What is the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion? And explain what is happening in
the diagrams.
AP Biology
8.
What is osmoregulation? Why is it necessary?
9.
How are carrier proteins different from channel proteins?
10.
You place stalks of celery in several different solutions. Describe what will
happen after 4 hours in each case. Celery in:
•
Tap water-
•
Distilled water-.
•
Lightly salted water-
•
Very salty water-
•
Lightly sugared water-
Mrs. Forrest
11.
Label this image showing what happens to red blood cells in solutions of different tonicity (solute
content relative to the cell.)
12.
Why does a carrier protein moving solutes up a concentration gradient (to a more crowded space)
need to use energy to do this?
AP Biology
Mrs. Forrest
13.
The sodium-potassium pump has two shapes. What two events alter its shape?
14.
The movement of ions is affected by more than just their concentration gradient. What else is at
work?
15.
Label the diagram below. Indicate what process is occurring, and what the particles might be in each
case.
16.
Explain why a cell with many cotransporter proteins must also have many active transport proteins.
17.
You are developing a drink to give to children who suffer from diarrhea. Explain whether it should
be isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic in salts and sugar with respect to the child’s cells. Why?
AP Biology
Mrs. Forrest
18.
Secretory cells use the process of exocytosis to release their products. It would be possible to use
channel proteins instead; after all, the concentration gradient would lead to the diffusion of these
molecules out of the cell. What do you suppose is the advantage of using the energy-demanding
process of exocytosis instead?
19.
The cell membrane is described as being selectively permeable. How could a cell alter the
permeability of its membrane to a specific substance?
AP Biology
Mrs. Forrest
Name_______________________
Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism: Campbell, Reece, Mitchell Biology 9
th
edition pages
142-161
1.
Fill out this table. You may have to think up some of the examples.
Metabolism- the overall energy and matter management of the organism
What is it?
Example reactions- give at least two
Anabolism
Catabolism
2.
Give three examples of energy transformations other than what is in the book.
3.
Where does the energy used in most organisms come from?
4.
When energy is converted from one form to another, one can always expect what else to happen?
5.
What is the opposite of entropy?
6.
Why do organisms need a constant supply of energy?
7.
Why is heat energy relatively useless?
AP Biology
Mrs. Forrest
8.
As you clean your room up, what happens to the entropy of the universe?
9.
What do the relationships in the Gibbs free energy equation tell you about how hard it is to do your
homework in a clean room?
10.
What two characteristics are found, separately or together, in systems that are likely to react?
11.
Why can organisms use glucose but not carbon dioxide, to power their metabolisms?
12.
When looking at an equation for a chemical reaction, what could you do to guess whether the
reaction was endergonic or exergonic?
13.
Using the energy concepts in this section, explain why life is passed on from one individual to
another but spontaneous life does not arise from nonlife.
14.
What is the relationship between ATP and Adenine, structurally speaking?
15.
Why are phosphorylated molecules more reactive than they were before phosphorylation?
16.
In what ways is ATP like a gun? (maybe a toy popgun, not something really dangerous.)
.
AP Biology
Mrs. Forrest
17.
Label this diagram of an enzyme, and explain what is meant by induced fit.
18.
Trace elements and vitamins have huge effects on the body when they are missing. Explain how
such small quantities can have such a large effect.
19.
All other things being equal, warmer temperatures make enzymes work faster up until they reach the
point of denaturation. Why?
20.
Now apply this idea to the difference between poikilothermic (cold-blooded) and homeothermic
(warm-blooded) animals. What behavior and growth differences would you expect to see? Think
about it.
AP Biology
Mrs. Forrest
21.
Think of a tool or piece of machinery you are familiar with. What is the analog to each of the
following in your example? I have provided two examples.
Enzyme Substrate
Product
Cofactor
Competitive Allosteric
Allosteric Cooperativity
inhibitor
activator
inhibitor
A pair of
scissors
Large piece of
paper
Small, cutup pieces of
paper
The screw that
holds the two
blades together
Rock jammed
between the
blades
Spring that
clamps to the
handles,
helping them to
spring apart
Rubber band
wrapped
around the
tips of the
scissors
Bicycle
Person
Person
moved to a
new location
Lubricating oil
Knife stuck into
the seat of the
bicycle, ouch
Kickstand is up
so bike is ready
to go
Stick stuck
into the
spokes of the
bike
Your
examplefeel free to
write
sideways!
22.
Explain what is going on in this picture.
First piece of paper
being cut positions
the scissors for
perfectly cutting
the next piece of
paper
On a bicycle built
for two, a person in
the first seat keeps
the pedaling
rhythm for the
second person to
follow
AP Biology
23.
Mrs. Forrest
Using the principles alluded to on page 160, explain why eukaryotic cells can be thousands of times
larger than prokaryotic cells without any loss of efficiency.