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Transcript
Business and International Environmental Treaties: David L. Levy zone depletion and climate change are examples of global environmental problems that demand an international response. Both are "global commons" issues caused by the emission of specific gases into the atmosphere; ozone depletion is caused mainly by a class of chenlicals called chlorofl~iorocarbo~is (CFCs),while climate change is caused by the buildup of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs), particularly carbon dioxide ( C 0 2 ) and methane. A coordinated international response is required, since few countries are willing to bear the costs of controlling emissions if others do not commit to doing likewise. The situation is a classic "prisoners' dilemma." Despite the widespread assumption that the climate change process would follow the model of ozone depletion, the experience in each case has been quite different. In the ozone case, the international community moved quite rapidly from the Vienna Framework Convention in 1985 to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987, which mandated cuts of 50% in production and consumption of CFCs by the year 1999. In 1990, the protocol was amended to require a full phaseout of most CFCs by 2000. By contrast, progress on a regime to control emissions of GHGs has been relatively slow. At the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) called for countries to begin to monitor and report their emissions but did not nlandate an): emission curbs.' It did contain an expression of intent by industrialized countries to stabilize emissions at 1990 levels by the year 2000, though it was clear by the Second Conference of the Parties (COP-2) to the FCCC, held in Geneva in July 1996, that few countries would meet this target.' Even if a mandatory protocol is agreed by the target date of December 1997, it is likely to have verIr long timetables, to require only modest cuts in emissions, and to 54 C i l L X39N k MAUAGEMEUT REL IEW VOL 39 NO 3 SPRING 1997
