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Translation What is Translation? • Translation converts the information in the mRNA into a sequence of amino acids that make up a protein. Where does Translation happen? • Translation takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. • Takes place in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. REVIEW • Proteins: –Involved in movement, eyesight, digestion, etc. –Long chain of many amino acids –Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. Review • Amino Acids: – Molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (sometimes sulfur) – CHON – Organisms use 20 different amino acids to build proteins – Your body makes 12, others come from food you eat • Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. • Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. • Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function. Translation… • Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences. • Three bases on mRNA make up a triplet-A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid. codon for methionine (Met) codon for leucine (Leu) Genetic Code… used to determine what amino acid a codon encodes for. Codons • One START codon-AUGwhich codes for Methionine. – Signals the start of translation. • Three STOP codons: UAA, UAG, and UGA. – Signal the stop of the amino acid chain. Reading Codons • A change in the order in which codons are read changes the protein that is made. • Regardless of the organism, codons code for the same amino acid. Anticodon=tRNA • An anticodon is a set of three nucleotides that is complimentary to a mRNA codon. • An anticodon is transported by a tRNA. Practice…Match the Codon to its correct Anticodon. Codon: CUG Anticodon: Codon: GCA Anticodon: Codon: AUG Anticodon: Ribosome Structure • Ribosomes consist of two subunits. – The large subunit has three binding sites for tRNA. – The small subunit binds to mRNA. How does Translation happen? • STEP 1: The ribosome assembles on a start codon (AUG) of mRNA strand. An anticodon, or tRNA, matches up with the codon on the mRNA strand. Translation: Step 1 How does Translation happen? • STEP 2: The ribosome forms a peptide bond between the amino acids while breaking the bond between the previous amino acid and its tRNA. The ribosome pulls the mRNA strand the length of one codon. The first tRNA exits the ribosome, and another codon is exposed. Translation: Step 2 How does Translation happen? • STEP 3: The now empty tRNA molecule exits the ribosome. A complementary tRNA molecule binds to the next exposed codon.When the ribosome encounters a stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA), the ribosome falls apart and the protein is released. Translation: Step 3