* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download A. glycolysis
Radical (chemistry) wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide wikipedia , lookup
Butyric acid wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrion wikipedia , lookup
Phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (H+-translocating) wikipedia , lookup
Adenosine triphosphate wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Light-dependent reactions wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Electron transport chain wikipedia , lookup
Topic 05 Cellular Respiration I. Energy for Life A. ATP and ADP 1. ATP-adenosine triphosphate – how energy that is produced during cellular respiration is packaged 2. ADP-adenosine diphosphate-formed when one phosphate is removed from ATP-how energy is released ATP Molecule: From ATP to ADP: B. oxidation-reduction reactions 1.oxidation-any chemical change in which an atom or molecule loses electrons 2. reduction-gaining electrons 3. oxidation-reduction reactions involve a transfer of energy 4. OIL RIG – Oxidation Is Lose – Reduction Is Gain C. Two types of phosphorylation 1. oxidative phosphorylation – electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen – the energy released from this process is used to turn ADP into ATP – use of an electron transport chain (chemiosmosis) 2. substrate level phosphorylation – addition of a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP – the phosphate group is donated by another compound II. Cellular Respiration A video overview of cellular respiration III. Aerobic respiration – respiration with oxygen A. glycolysis- first step in cellular respiration 1. takes place in cytoplasm 2. must add 2 ATPs to start-get 4 out-net gain of 2 ATPs 3. produce pyruvic acid (pyruvate) and 2 NADH (or NADH2) Glycolysis glycolysis A look at glycolysis B. Krebs cycle – second step in aerobic respiration – also called the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle 1. start with 2 Pyruvate (3 carbon compound) 2. becomes acetyl – CoA (2 carbon compound) 3. acetyl – CoA changes shape and then joins with a four carbon compound to make citric acid (release a CO2 molecule) 4. goes through a series of changes to produce 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 CO2 5. the NADH and FADH2 go into the electron transport chain Final equation for the Krebs cycle: Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate citrate (citric acid) 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 4 CO2 + 2 ATP The Basics of the Krebs Cycle The Krebs Cycle C. Electron transport chain 1. All of the NADH and FADH2 produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are delivered to the electron transport chain 2. the electron transport chain is responsible for the majority of ATPs made during cellular respiration 3. series of oxidation-reduction reactions 4. the final electron (or hydrogen) acceptor at the end is oxygen – the oxygen and hydrogen combine to form water 5. As the electrons move from one acceptor to another, their energy is used to pump protons (H+) out of the mitochondrial interior which creates a pH gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane 6. A protein called ATP synthase found in the inner mitochondrial membrane harvest the energy of the pH gradient to produce the bulk of the ATP from oxidative glucose metabolism Biological Gradients - ATP Synthase The Electron Transport chain The Electron Trasnport Chain An indepth look at the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. IV. SUMMARY OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION NAME OF STEP STARTING MATERIALS ENDING MATERIALS 1. Glycolysis Glucose 2 ATP 4 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvate 2. Intermediate step 2 pyruvate 2 acetyl – CoA 2 NADH 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 2 acetyl-CoA 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2 4. Electron Transport Chain 10 NADH (and Oxidative 2 FADH2 Phosphorylation) 34 ATP V. Anaerobic respiration – without oxygen A. glycolysis- first step in cellular respiration 1. takes place in cytoplasm 2. see handout 3. must add 2 ATPs to start-get 4 out-net gain of 2 ATPs 4. produce pyruvic acid B.fermentation-occurs after glycolysis-releases no further energy – two types (1) alcoholic fermentation – yeast cells – glycolysis happens first and then the yeast cells convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol (2) lactic acid fermentation – human muscle cells – glycolysis happens first and then the muscle cells convert pyruvic acid into lactic acid VI. Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic Anaerobic (without oxygen) Two stages: 1. glycolysis 2. fermentation Aerobic (with oxygen) Three stages Must put in two ATPs to start – get out four – net gain is 2 ATPs 1. glycolysis 2. intermediate step Krebs Cycle 3. electron transport chain Must put in two ATPs to start – get out 38 – net gain is 36 ATPS Starts in cytoplasm (glycolysis)and then goes into the mitochondrion (Krebs cycle and electron transport chain) takes place in cytoplasm only