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Transcript
CELLULAR RESPIRATION All living organisms need energy INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR RESPIRATION Introduction: All living organisms need energy Respiration: Respiration: the life process by which organisms convert the chemical energy stored in food to a form of energy more easily utilized by the cell Process of Cell Respiration: a biochemical process used by cells to release energy from organic molecules (food) such as glucose ~this energy is stored in the molecule ATP ~ ATP = adenosine triphosphate or A~P~P~P ~ the process is controlled by enzymes Aerobic Cellular Respiration Aerobic = with oxygen Occurs in the mitochondria The use of oxygen releases more energy per glucose molecule than anaerobic = without oxygen Uses oxygen but releases carbon dioxide and water SUMMARY EQUATION: Breathing and cellular respiration are closely related O2 CO2 BREATHING Lungs CO2 Bloodstream Muscle cells carrying out O2 Sugar + O2 CELLULAR RESPIRATION ATP + CO2 + H2O OxidationOxidation-Reduction Reactions Redox for short Oxidation= Oxidation= loss of electrons (or H+) Reduction= Reduction= gain of electrons (or H+) OIL RIG: Oil = Oxidation is loss Rig = Reduction is gain ~chemical reaction which involve a partial or complete transfer of electrons form one reactant to another ~ a coupled reaction Cell Respiration is a redox process that transfers hydrogen form sugar to oxygen oxidation C6H12O6 + 6O2 -- 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP( energy) reduction Hydrogen carriers such as NAD+ shuttle electrons in redox reactions Enzymes remove electrons from glucose molecules and transfer them to a coenzyme / electron carriers[ NADH & FADH2] Redox reactions release energy when electrons “fall” fall” from a hydrogen carrier to highly electronegative oxygen NADH ( & FADH2) FADH2) delivers electrons to a series of electron carriers in an electron transport chain – As electrons move from carrier to carrier, their energy is released released in small quantities Energy released and now available for making ATP ELECTRON CARRIERS of the electron transport chain STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION Respiration occurs in three main stages High-energy electrons carried by NADH GLYCOLYSIS Cytoplasmic fluid KREBS CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Mitochondrion 1. Glycolysis: Glycolysis: [Glyco=sweet, sugar lysis = to split] ~process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, acid, a 33-carbon compound ~ takes place in cytoplasm ~ makes 2 ATP {part of anaerobic respiration too] ~NO OXYGEN NEEDED ~ 2 molecules of NADH are formed Glucose Pyruvic acid 2. Krebs Cycle Each pyruvic acid molecule is broken down to form CO2 and a twotwo-carbon acetyl group, which enters the Krebs cycle [Transition phase] The Krebs cycle completes the oxidation of organic fuel, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules 2 turns per glucose molecule Occurs in mitochondria Produces 2 ATP 6 NADH & 2 FADH2 Acetyl CoA KREBS CYCLE 3. Electron Transport Chain The electrons from NADH and FADH2 travel down the electron transport chain to oxygen Oxygen is the final electron acceptor Occurs in mitochondria Produces 32 ATP Lactic Acid Fermentation GlucoseGlucose->pyruvic acid -> 2 lactic acid 2ATP GLYCOLYSIS FERMENTATION ~ used to make cheese and yogurt ~ in humans during strenuous exercise not enough oxygen from blood “oxygen debt” debt” ~ lactic acid accumulates in muscle; leads to fatigue and pain Both types a of fermentation are considered inefficient , only produce 2ATP from glycolysis Cells use many kinds of organic molecules as fuel for cellular respiration Polysaccharides Sugars Fats Proteins This document was created with Win2PDF available at http://www.win2pdf.com. The unregistered version of Win2PDF is for evaluation or non-commercial use only. This page will not be added after purchasing Win2PDF.