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Giving you the energy you need! Use your dominant hand Open and close the pin (with your thumb and forefinger) as many times as you can for 20 seconds while holding the other fingers straight out! Repeat for 5 more continuous trials! Repeat for the non-dominant hand What happened as time went on? How did you hands feel at the end? Was there a difference in dom and non-dom hands? Why will your muscles recover in about 10 min? The total amount of energy in the universe is constant! Energy cannot be created or destroyed but only converted to one form into another! Activation Energy – Amount of E required to break chemical bonds Universe favours entropy (pg. 63-64) Randomness and chaos Smaller, more stable molecules Even distribution of matter and energy Blame your messy room on entropy! In all reactions, energy and entropy are both involved! ◦ Net increase in entropy in the universe Is it possible? ◦ see text pg. 6, Table 2 ◦ pg. 92, paragraph 1. Energy capable of doing work. ◦ In this case: Chemical energy ◦ potential energy stored in chemical bonds Free energy of products more than reactants Ex: Photosynthesis ◦ Light energy converted to stored chemical energy in C6H12O6 ◦ Every molecule of glucose contains 2870kJ Photosynthesis Free energy of products is less than reactants Free energy is released from the reactants - increasing entropy! Ex: Cellular respiration ◦ Free energy stored in the bonds of glucose is released and then trapped and stored in the bonds of ATP (at a controlled rate)! Cellular Respiration Goal: to create ATP using released energy from glucose! See handout Four main parts... 1) 2) 3) 4) (occuring in) Glycolysis (cytoplasm) Pyruvate Oxidation (mitochondrial matrix) Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle (mitochondrial matrix) Electron Transport Chain (inner mitochondrial membrane) Redox Reactions Phosphorylation (reduction-oxidation) ◦ Substrate Level Phosphorylation (during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle) ◦ Oxidative Phosphorylation These reactions occur throughout the cellular respiration pathways Energy metabolism in cells involves oxidation reactions. Oxidation involves the transfer of an electron from a molecule, which is said to be oxidized, to another molecule, which is said to be reduced. An oxidation cannot occur without a corresponding reduction. They are PAIRED reactions. Many important redox reactions in cells require the presence of coenzymes. The redox reactions of cellular respiration commonly involve the following coenzymes: 1) NAD: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD+ + 2 e- + 2 H+ → NADH + H+ *the second H+ dissolves into cytosol * 2) FAD: Flavin adenine dinucleotide FAD + 2e- + 2 H+ → FADH2 LEO the lion says GER Lose Electrons Oxidized! SAYS... Gain Electrons Reduced! “Reduced” means that the overall positive charge of the molecule has decreased (due to accepting the electons!) A mechanism forming ATP directly in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction ATPase ADP + Pi + 31 kJ/mole ATP This is called Phosphorylation... The opposite is Dephosphorylation A single muscle cell uses 600 million ATP per minute The body consumes its own mass in ATP per day via constant recycling! A glucose is broken down into 2 Pyruvate molecules Brief overview... http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/c hapter25/animation__how_glycolysis_works.h tml Occurs in the cytoplasm Anaerobic (doesn’t need oxygen!) See handout!! And pg. 98 Free energy? Endergonic? Exergonic? Phosphorylation? Substrate-level? REDOX reaction memory aid? Anaerobic vs aerobic? Four stages in aerobic respiration? Glycolysis reactant? Glycolysis products? Energy carriers? Source: Pearson Education glucose Glycolysis ATP Hexokinase ADP glucose-6-phosphate Phosphoglucose Isomerase 6-Carbon Change in isomer fructose-6-phosphate ATP Phosphofructokinase ADP fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Aldolase (G3P) 3-Carbon (x2) (DHAP) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone-phosphate Triosephosphate Isomerase Glycolysis continued glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate NAD+ + Pi Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase NADH + H+ Glycolysis cont. Recall that there are 2 G3P per glucose. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate ADP Phosphoglycerate Kinase ATP 3-phosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerate Mutase 2-phosphoglycerate Enolase H2O phosphoenolpyruvate ADP Pyruvate Kinase ATP pyruvate Balance sheet of ATP chemical bond energy: Bonds broken/energy used: 2 How many ATP are converted to ADP? ______ Bonds formed/energy acquired: How many ATP are formed from ADP? (Remember there are two 3C fragments 4 from glucose.) ________ 2 Net energy gain (#ATP formed) per glucose: ________ Reactants: Products: Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ 2 Pyruvate+2H+ 2 ATP + 2 NADH ***For more detail on each step see pg. 98 or watch this http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5eMW4b29rg&feature=related Efficiency: 2.2% ◦ Percentage of the total free energy in glucose that is harnessed as ATP during Glycolysis Not good enough. So the Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain continue to process the pyruvate http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfGlznwfu 9U HW: Page 115 #1-6 Source: Pearson Education Source: Pearson Education Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix General Equation... (CoA = coenzyme A) 2 Pyruvate + 2 CoA + 2 NAD+ 2 acetylCoA +2CO2 + 2 NADH + 2H+ **Acetyl CoA = 2-carbon molecule (other C was lost in CO2) - becomes a reactant for the Krebs Cycle!! Source: Pearson Education Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix Many enzymes, coenzymes and other molecules organized on the inner membrane. Overview... http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/anima tion__how_the_krebs_cycle_works__quiz_1_.html phosphoenolpyruvate http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/citric_acid_cycle.html http://www.purposegames.com/game/0e38f b1b/info By the end of step 4 of the Krebs Cycle the entire glucose molecule is consumed. All 6 carbon atoms are lost as CO2 along the way (3 per pyruvate) Products? 3 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 More depth! : pg. 102 of textbook http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1DjTM1qnPM Note where H2O is used and CO2 is released! NET HARNESSED ENERGY 4 ATP (2 Glycolysis, 2 Krebs) 12 reduced coenzymes: 2 NADH (Glycolysis) 2 NADH (Pyruvate Oxidation stage) 6 NADH (Krebs) 2FADH2 (Krebs)