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Plant Cell Structures Jessica Harwood Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D. Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit www.ck12.org AUTHORS Jessica Harwood Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D. EDITOR Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D. CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the FlexBook®, CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning, powered through the FlexBook Platform®. Copyright © 2015 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference. Complete terms can be found at http://www.ck12.org/terms. Printed: January 15, 2015 CONTRIBUTORS Doris Kraus, Ph.D. Niamh Gray-Wilson Jean Brainard, Ph.D. Sarah Johnson Jane Willan Corliss Karasov www.ck12.org C HAPTER Chapter 1. Plant Cell Structures 1 Plant Cell Structures • Distinguish plant cells from animal cells. • Explain the roles of the chloroplast and central vacuole. • Summarize the function of the cell wall. Do plants have cells like yours? Yes, your cells are actually very similar to a plant’s cells. For example, they are both eukaryotic cells, both contain DNA in a nucleus, and both make proteins in ribosomes. However, plant cells also differ in some crucial ways from your own cells. Plant Cells Even though plants and animals are both eukaryotes, plant cells differ in some ways from animal cells ( Figure 1.1). Plant cells have a large central vacuole, are surrounded by a cell wall, and have chloroplasts, which are the organelles of photosynthesis. Vacuoles First, plant cells have a large central vacuole that holds a mixture of water, nutrients, and wastes. A plant cell’s vacuole can make up 90% of the cell’s volume. The large central vacuole essentially stores water. What happens when a plant does not get enough water? In animal cells, vacuoles are much smaller. Cell Wall Second, plant cells have a cell wall, while animal cells do not ( Figure 1.2). The cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane but does not keep substances from entering or leaving the cell. A cell wall gives the plant cell strength 1 www.ck12.org FIGURE 1.1 A plant cell has several features that make it different from an animal cell, including a cell wall, huge vacuoles, and chloroplasts, which photosynthesize. and protection. FIGURE 1.2 In this photo of plant cells taken with a light microscope, you can see green chloroplasts, as well as a cell wall around each cell. Plastids A third difference between plant and animal cells is that plants have several kinds of organelles called plastids. And there are several different kinds of plastids in plant cells. For example, Chloroplasts are needed for photosynthesis, leucoplasts can store starch or oil, and brightly colored chromoplasts give some flowers and fruits their yellow, orange, or red color. It is the presence of chloroplasts and the ability to photosynthesize, that is one of the defining features of a plant. No animal or fungi can photosynthesize, and only some protists are able to. The photosynthetic protists are the plant-like protists, represented mainly by the unicellular algae. Summary • Plant and animal cells differ in that plants have a large central vacuole, while animals have smaller vacuoles. • Plant cells also have cell walls and plastids, while animal cells do not. 2 www.ck12.org Chapter 1. Plant Cell Structures Explore More Use the resource below to answer the following questions. • Plant and Animal Cell Animation - Cells alive at http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm 1. 2. 3. 4. Compare and contrast the vacuoles of plant cells and the vacuoles of animal cells. How is the appearance of thylakoids similar to the appearance of the Golgi apparatus? What kind of membrane do chloroplasts have? What other organelle has a similar type of membrane? What features do plant cells have in common with animal cells? Review 1. What are three structures that are found in plant cells but not in animal cells? 2. What is the role of the chloroplast? 3. What is the main role of the plant vacuole? References 1. Mariana Ruiz Villarreal (LadyofHats). Features of a plant cell . Public Domain 2. Kelvin Song. Microscope image of chloroplasts and cell walls in plant cells . CC-BY 3.0 3