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Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
 Key Terms
 UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus)
 Leads to a certain response without previous training
 UCR (Unconditioned Response)
 Occurs automatically when UCS is presented.
 CS (Conditioned Stimulus)
 A neutral stimulus that after training leads to a response.
 CR (Conditioned Response)
 The response that the CS causes.
Pavlov’s Dogs
 Ivan Pavlov designed an experiment that
proved you could condition dogs.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqum
fpxuzI
 What is the UCS?
 The UCR?
 The CS?
 The CR?
General Principles of
Classical Conditioning
 Classical conditioning occurs gradually.
 The more frequently the tuning fork was paired with
food the stronger the salivation response was.
 Generalization
 Circle vs. Oval
 Discrimination
 Screams
 Little Albert Experiment (pg. 26)
 Taste Aversions
Operant Conditioning
 Operant conditioning is learning from the
consequences of behavior.
 To get rewards or avoid punishment.
 Differences between operant and classical
conditioning:
 1) The learner must behave in a certain way that
produces some consequences.
 2) Classical conditioning involves automatic
responses, operant conditioning may involve the
acquisition a wide range of voluntary behaviors.
Reinforcement
 A stimulus or event that affects the
likelihood that a behavior will be
repeated.
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Social Approval
Money
Extra Privileges
Punishments
Criticism
Types of Reinforcement
 Positive Reinforcement
 Adding something in order to increase a response or behavior.
 Ex: Rewards
 Negative Reinforcement
 Taking something negative away in order to increase a
response or behavior.
 Ex: Nagging
 Positive Punishment
 Adding something unpleasant to decrease a response or
behavior.
 Ex: Spanking
 Negative Punishment
 Taking something away to decrease a response or behavior.
 Ex: Grounding
Schedules of
Reinforcement
 Fixed-Ratio Schedule
 Reinforcement depends on a specified quantity of
responses.
 Variable-Ratio Schedule
 Requires that an average number of responses be
made for each reinforcement.
 Fixed-Interval Schedule
 Reinforcement is available after a set period of time.
 Variable-Interval Schedule
 The time in which reinforcement occurs varies
throughout the conditioning procedure.