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Conditioning Classical Conditioning Key Terms UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus) Leads to a certain response without previous training UCR (Unconditioned Response) Occurs automatically when UCS is presented. CS (Conditioned Stimulus) A neutral stimulus that after training leads to a response. CR (Conditioned Response) The response that the CS causes. Pavlov’s Dogs Ivan Pavlov designed an experiment that proved you could condition dogs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqum fpxuzI What is the UCS? The UCR? The CS? The CR? General Principles of Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning occurs gradually. The more frequently the tuning fork was paired with food the stronger the salivation response was. Generalization Circle vs. Oval Discrimination Screams Little Albert Experiment (pg. 26) Taste Aversions Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is learning from the consequences of behavior. To get rewards or avoid punishment. Differences between operant and classical conditioning: 1) The learner must behave in a certain way that produces some consequences. 2) Classical conditioning involves automatic responses, operant conditioning may involve the acquisition a wide range of voluntary behaviors. Reinforcement A stimulus or event that affects the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated. Social Approval Money Extra Privileges Punishments Criticism Types of Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Adding something in order to increase a response or behavior. Ex: Rewards Negative Reinforcement Taking something negative away in order to increase a response or behavior. Ex: Nagging Positive Punishment Adding something unpleasant to decrease a response or behavior. Ex: Spanking Negative Punishment Taking something away to decrease a response or behavior. Ex: Grounding Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed-Ratio Schedule Reinforcement depends on a specified quantity of responses. Variable-Ratio Schedule Requires that an average number of responses be made for each reinforcement. Fixed-Interval Schedule Reinforcement is available after a set period of time. Variable-Interval Schedule The time in which reinforcement occurs varies throughout the conditioning procedure.