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Transcript
Archaea – Ancient Oddities Death in Yellowstone If the waters of Yellowstone are so deadly, can anything survive in them? Animal Bones in hot spring Dead Trees in Mammoth Hot Springs Yes, but how? A History of Archaea • Purported to be the oldest life forms on Earth (based on fossilized lipid evidence from 3.8 bya in Greenland) • Up to 20% of Earth’s biomass http://www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/aboutmicrobiology/introducing-microbes/archaea Domain Archaea • Kingdom Archaea/Archaebacteria • General Characteristics: - Unicellular - Prokaryotes - No Membrane-Bound Organelles - Cell Walls in some, not all - Ferroplasma & Thermoplasma lack them - No peptidoglycan in cell wall (unlike Eubacteria) - Ether lipids in cell walls (single lipid bilayer) - Reproduce asexually by binary fission http://www. microbiology online.org.uk /aboutmicrobiology /introducingmicrobes/arc haea Q1: Which characteristic does NOT describe Archaea? • • • • A) Unicellular B) Use Binary Fission to Reproduce C) Prokaryotic D) Double-membraned Mitochondria • E) Ancient life forms Cell Membrane Structure http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Archaea - Differences: - 1) Glycerol-ether lipids - 2) Different glycerol arrangement leads to different enzymes used for phospholipids - 3) Branched lipid tails prevent leakage at high temps - 4) Fused lipid tails make them more rigid & able to withstand high temps Q2: Describe 2 characteristics of Archaea that enable them to live in strange environments. Morphology • Range from 0.1 μm to .15 μm • Spheres, rods, spirals, or plates • May form aggregates or biofilms Lifestyle • CAN live in extreme environments (hot springs, salt lakes, volcanic vents), but are also found in marshes, soils, oceans, intestines • Unlike Eubacteria, none are known parasites or pathogens (are often mutualists or commensalists) Q3: Which of these is a likely environment to find Archaea? • A) Hot Springs • B) Cow Intestines • C) Deep-sea Vents • D) Salt Lakes • E) All of these are Suitable locations. Q4: Archaea are responsible for causing human diseases such as strep throat and food poisoning. • A. True • B. False Domain Comparison Shared with Bacteria Shared with Eukarya Unique to Archaea No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles No peptidoglycan Cell wall structure (for example, some archaeal cell walls contain pseudomurein) Circular genome DNA associated with histones Cell membrane containing etherlinked lipids Genes grouped in operons Translation initiated with methionine Flagellin protein structure No introns or RNA processing Similar RNA polymerase, promoters, other transcriptional machinery[39][40][41] Ribosomal structure (characteristics shared with both Bacteria and Eukarya) Polycistronic mRNA Similar DNA replication and repair tRNA sequence and metabolism Cellular size (>100-fold smaller than eukaryotes) Growth not inhibited by streptomycin Ability to grow at temps greater than 100 o C http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea Q5: Mark whether the following charcteristics describe Bacteria (B), Archaea (A) or Eukarya(E) – you may mark more than one letter. • • • • • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. No nucleus. Peptidoglycan found in cell wall. Histones present. Circular genome. Ether-linked lipids in cell membrane. Archaea Phyla • • • • • Crenarchaeota – Sulfolobus Euryarchaeota – Methanogens, Thermoplasma Korarchaeota – Hot springs, hydrothermals Nanoarchaeota – Marine environments Thaumarchaeota – Chemolithotrophic ammonia oxidizers (nutrient cyclers) Metabolic Methods • Phototrophs – sunlight – Halobacteria • Lithotrophs – inorganic compounds – Ferroglobus, Methanobacteria, Pyrolobus • Organotrophs – organic compounds – Pyrococcus, Sulfolobus, Methanosarcinales Q6: Which of the following Archaea uses a metabolic method most like that of plants? • • • • • A. B. C. D. E. Methanobacteria Pyrolobus Ferroglobus Pyrococcus Halobacteria Halophiles – Colorful Salt Lovers https://sites.google.com/ site/halophileproject2011 /halophiles http://serc.carleton.edu/im ages/microbelife/Aphanoth ece.jpg Thermophiles – Some Like it Hot! Acidophiles Alkaliphiles Q7: Which of the following Archaea are most likely to be found living in the Dead Sea? • A. • B. • C. • D. Alkaliphiles Acidophiles Halophiles Thermophiles Food Webs Dependent on Archaea Ephydra brusei on mat of cyanobacteria - Flies feed on algae living with the thermophilic mat community & lay their eggs in clumps of algae - Spiders & mites eat the eggs & flies - Killdeer eat the flies Food Webs Dependent on Archaea - Biomagnification of Methyl Mercury may be seen in these mats Q8: Draw a food web of these thermal communities. What makes the rainbow? Blue = Refracted sunlight What makes the rainbow? • Orange/Yellow = Presence of Carotenoids in the Archaea - Help Protect Against Harsh Sun in Summer – Tend to darken in Winter when Chlorophyll becomes the dominant pigment Again Q9: A more brilliant rainbow would be seen in the summer rather than the winter at a thermal pool in Yellowstone National Park. • A. True • B. False Bioprospecting • Some of the Archaea found in YNP were used to develop gene technology (used in PCR enzymes). • No benefits-sharing system was in place when they were “discovered” – no money was paid to the federal government for its use. • The company makes approximately $200 million/year selling PCR supplies. Q10: Do you think federal lands should be open for bioprospecting? Defend your answer in 2 wellwritten paragraphs (5-7 sentences each).