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acquisition
aversive conditioning
behavior modification
biological preparedness
classical conditioning
an ability that has been
acquired by training
(process)
A type of counterconditioning
that associates an unpleasant
state (such as nausea) with an
unwanted behavior (such as
drinking alcohol)
psychotherapy that seeks to
extinguish or inhibit abnormal or
maladaptive behavior by
reinforcing desired behavior and
extinguishing undesired behavior
In learning theory, the idea that
an organism is innately
predisposed to form
associations between certain
stimuli and responses.
a type of learning in which
one learns to link two or
more stimuli and
anticipate events
conditioned stimulus
contiguity
contingency
continuous reinforcement
discrimination
in classical conditioning, an
originally irrelevant stimulus that,
after association with an
unconditioned stimulus, comes to
trigger a conditioned response
the tendency to perceive
two things that happen
close together in time as
being related
Refers to dependent and/or
temporal relations between
operant behavior and its
controlling variables.
reinforcing the desired
response every time it
occurs
in classical conditioning, the
learned ability to distinguish
between a conditioned stimulus
and stimuli that do not signal an
unconditioned stimulus
extinction
fixed interval
fixed ratio
generalization
generalized reinforcer
a conditioning process in which
the reinforcer is removed and a
conditioned response becomes
independent of the conditioned
stimulus
reinforces a response only
after a specified time has
elapsed
a schedule where
reinforcement happens
after a correct number of
responses
(psychology) transfer of a
response learned to one
stimulus to a similar
stimulus
A conditioned reinforcer that as a
result of having been paired with
many other reinforcers does not
depend on an establishing
operation for any particular form of
reinforcement for its effectiveness.
higher-order conditioning
insight
instinctive drift
instrumental learning
latent learning
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in
one conditioning experience is paired with a new
neutral stimulus, creating a second (often
weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an
animal that has learned that a tone predicts food
might then learn that a light predicts the tone and
begin responding to the light alone. (Also called
second-order conditioning.)
the clear (and often
sudden) understanding of
a complex situation
tendency for animals to
return to innate behaviors
following repeated
reinforcement
associative learning in which
a behavior becomes more or
less probable depending on
its consequences
learning that occurs but is
not apparent until there is
an incentive to
demonstrate it
law of effect
learning
negative reinforcement
neutral stimulus
observational learning
Thorndike's principle that behaviors
followed by favorable consequences
become more likely, and that
behaviors followed by unfavorable
consequences become less likely
the cognitive process of
acquiring skill or
knowledge
increasing the strength of a
given response by removing
or preventing a painful
stimulus when the response
occurs
a stimulus that does not
initially elicit a response
A type of learning that occurs
when an organism's responding
is influenced by the observation
of others, who are called
models.
omission training
operant conditioning
partial reinforcement
positive reinforcement
premack principle
removal of a rewarding
consequence that follows a
voluntary behavior thereby
decreasing the probability the
behavior will be repeated.
A type of learning in which
behavior is strengthened if
followed by a reinforcer or
diminished if followed by a
punisher
occasional reinforcement of
a particular behavior;
produces response that is
more resistant to extinction
any stimulus that, when
presented after a
response, strengthens the
response
A principle that states that making the
opportunity to engage in a highprobability behavior contingent on the
occurrence of a low-frequency behavior
will function as reinforcement for the
low-frequency behavior.
primary reinforcer
punishment
secondary reinforcer
shaping
spontaneous recovery
an innately reinforcing
stimulus, such as one that
satisfies a biological need
an event that decreases
the behavior that it
follows
stimulus such as money
that becomes reinforcing
through its link with a
primary reinforcer
an operant conditioning
procedure in which reinforcers
guide behavior toward closer
and closer approximations of
the desired behavior
the reappearance, after a
pause, of an extinguished
conditioned response
stimulus
superstitious behaviors
token economy
unconditioned response
unconditioned stimulus
a change in an organism's
surroundings that causes
the organism to react
can result from
unintended reinforcement
of unimportant behavior
an operant conditioning procedure
in which people earn a token of
some sort for exhibiting a desired
behavior and can later exchange the
tokens for various privileges or
treats
in classical conditioning, the
unlearned, naturally occurring
response to the unconditioned
stimulus (US), such as salivation
when food is in the mouth.
in classical conditioning, a
stimulus that unconditionally
—naturally and automatically
—triggers a response
variable interval
variable ratio
a schedule where
reinforcement happens
after a varied length of
time
a schedule where
reinforcement happens
after a varied number of
responses