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LEARNING LEARNING • The acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience that result in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner. • Three types: • 1) Classical Conditioning • 2) Operant Conditioning • 3) Observational Learning CLASSICAL CONDITIONING • Pavlov: “Forty Studies” • Behaviorist • Def: when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response CLASSICAL CONDITIONING TERMINOLOGY • Unconditioned Stimulus: something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism • Unconditioned Response: a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus • Conditioned Stimulus: a stimulus that is initially neutral that produces no reliable response in an organism • Condition Response: a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is by a conditioned stimulus Figure 6.3 Pavlov’s classic experiment Pavlov presented a neutral stimulus (a tone) just before an unconditioned stimulus (food in mouth). The neutral stimulus then became a conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response. © 2010 by Worth Publishers WATER BOTTLE EXPERIMENT • Unconditioned Stimulus: • Squirt of water • Unconditioned Response: • Flinch • Conditioned Stimulus: • “CAN” • Conditioned Response: • Flinch Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning MORE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING TERMS • Acquisition: the stage when the CS and US are paired together. • Generalization: when the CR occurs even if the CS is slightly different • Discrimination: the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli. • Extinction: the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented • Spontaneous Recovery: the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: DWIGHT GETS CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED • As you watch the clip, identify the following: • UCS • Tasting an altoid • UCR • Minty fresh breath • CS • Hearing the computer booting up • CR • Strange, gross feeling in mouth OPERANT CONDITIONING SHELDON TRAINS PENNY OPERANT CONDITIONING • A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher OPERANT CONDITIONING SKIING SQUIRREL • Shaping: operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior • HeroRATS • Discriminative Stimulus—signals that the response will be reinforced (i.e., landmine or TB for HeroRATS) TYPES OF REINFORCERS • Positive reinforcement— strengthens behavior via reward • Negative reinforcement— strengthens behavior via removing something negative PUNISHMENT • Positive punishment: reducing likelihood of behavior by adding something bad • Negative punishment: reducing likelihood of behavior by taking away something good Positive Reinforcement “Reward” + good behavior Positive Punishment + bad behavior Negative Reinforcement --bad behavior Negative Punishment --good behavior I NEED THREE VOLUNTEERS! (I PROMISE YOU WILL NOT GET SPRAYED IN THE FACE) • When you enter the room the class will try to shape your behavior using a method of operant conditioning. YOUR OPERANT CONDITIONING CHALLENGE • I challenge you to train me using operant conditioning methods • You have one month and you have to agree as a class what you will try to accomplish. • You can debrief me at the end of class on Jan. 24th... If you achieve in actually conditioning my behavior try to explore with extinction and spontaneous recovery. SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT • Continuous reinforcement— reinforcing a desired response every time it occurs • Good: learning happens quickly • Bad: extinction occurs quickly • Intermittent reinforcement— responses are sometimes reinforced and sometimes not • Good: greater resistance to extinction • Bad—learning occurs more slowly TYPES OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT • Fixed ratio schedule: reinforcement is given after a set number of responses • Examples? TYPES OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT • Variable-ratio schedule: reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses • Examples? TYPES OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT • Fixed-interval schedules: reinforce the first response after a fixed time period. • Examples? TYPES OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT • Variable-interval schedule: reinforce the first response after a varying time interval • Examples? THIS MIGHT HELP KEEP THEM STRAIGHT… • 1. Do you see something that's set or seems to have a distinct pattern, or do you see something that seems to change? Pick either fixed or variable then. • 2. Do you see a number or do you see a unit of time? Pick either ratio or interval. MYERS' DEMONSTRATION OF REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES CLICK HERE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT • Teachers use operant conditioning methods in various ways while grading assignments. • How do you feel when a teacher doesn’t give reinforcement for every assignment? REWARDS AND MOTIVATION Learning Assessments: 6-4 & 6-7 Delayed Gratification Would greater rewards motivate you more? Imagine you got paid to do your favorite thing. Would this be good or bad? • "Drive" • • • • OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING AKA SOCIAL LEARNING OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING • Trenton and the iPhone...I didn’t reinforce any behavior...he simply watched me and figured out how to use it. MIRROR NEURONS • Yawning • Biological explanation for conformity? • Empathy BANDURA & THE BOBO DOLL • Forty studies