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LEARNING
LEARNING
• The acquisition of
new knowledge,
skills, or responses
from experience
that result in a
relatively
permanent change
in the state of the
learner.
• Three types:
• 1) Classical
Conditioning
• 2) Operant
Conditioning
• 3) Observational
Learning
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• Pavlov: “Forty
Studies”
• Behaviorist
• Def: when a neutral
stimulus produces a
response after
being paired with a
stimulus that
naturally produces
a response
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
TERMINOLOGY
• Unconditioned Stimulus: something that reliably
produces a naturally occurring reaction in an
organism
• Unconditioned Response: a reflexive reaction that is
reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus
• Conditioned Stimulus: a stimulus that is initially
neutral that produces no reliable response in an
organism
• Condition Response: a reaction that resembles an
unconditioned response but is by a conditioned
stimulus
Figure 6.3 Pavlov’s classic experiment Pavlov presented a neutral stimulus (a tone) just before an
unconditioned stimulus (food in mouth). The neutral stimulus then became a conditioned stimulus,
producing a conditioned response.
© 2010 by Worth Publishers
WATER BOTTLE EXPERIMENT
• Unconditioned Stimulus:
• Squirt of water
• Unconditioned Response:
• Flinch
• Conditioned Stimulus:
• “CAN”
• Conditioned Response:
• Flinch
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
MORE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
TERMS
• Acquisition: the stage when the CS and US are
paired together.
• Generalization: when the CR occurs even if the CS
is slightly different
• Discrimination: the capacity to distinguish between
similar but distinct stimuli.
• Extinction: the gradual elimination of a learned
response that occurs when the US is no longer
presented
• Spontaneous Recovery: the tendency of a learned
behavior to recover from extinction after a rest
period.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING:
DWIGHT GETS CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED
• As you watch the clip, identify the following:
• UCS
• Tasting an altoid
• UCR
• Minty fresh breath
• CS
• Hearing the computer booting up
• CR
• Strange, gross feeling in mouth
OPERANT
CONDITIONING
SHELDON TRAINS PENNY
OPERANT CONDITIONING
• A type of learning in
which behavior is
strengthened if
followed by a
reinforcer or
diminished if
followed by a
punisher
OPERANT CONDITIONING
SKIING SQUIRREL
• Shaping: operant conditioning procedure in which
reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer
approximations of the desired behavior
• HeroRATS
• Discriminative Stimulus—signals that the response
will be reinforced (i.e., landmine or TB for HeroRATS)
TYPES OF REINFORCERS
• Positive
reinforcement—
strengthens
behavior via reward
• Negative
reinforcement—
strengthens
behavior via
removing
something negative
PUNISHMENT
• Positive punishment:
reducing likelihood
of behavior by
adding something
bad
• Negative
punishment:
reducing likelihood
of behavior by
taking away
something good
Positive
Reinforcement
“Reward”
+ good
 behavior
Positive
Punishment
+ bad
 behavior
Negative
Reinforcement
--bad
 behavior
Negative
Punishment
--good
 behavior
I NEED THREE VOLUNTEERS!
(I PROMISE YOU WILL NOT GET SPRAYED IN THE FACE)
• When you enter the room the class will try to shape
your behavior using a method of operant
conditioning.
YOUR OPERANT CONDITIONING
CHALLENGE
• I challenge you to train me using operant
conditioning methods
• You have one month and you have to agree as a
class what you will try to accomplish.
• You can debrief me at the end of class on Jan.
24th... If you achieve in actually conditioning my
behavior try to explore with extinction and
spontaneous recovery.
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
• Continuous
reinforcement—
reinforcing a desired
response every time it
occurs
• Good: learning
happens quickly
• Bad: extinction
occurs quickly
• Intermittent
reinforcement—
responses are
sometimes reinforced
and sometimes not
• Good: greater
resistance to
extinction
• Bad—learning occurs
more slowly
TYPES OF INTERMITTENT
REINFORCEMENT
• Fixed ratio
schedule:
reinforcement is
given after a set
number of
responses
• Examples?
TYPES OF INTERMITTENT
REINFORCEMENT
• Variable-ratio
schedule:
reinforcement is
given after an
unpredictable
number of
responses
• Examples?
TYPES OF INTERMITTENT
REINFORCEMENT
• Fixed-interval
schedules: reinforce
the first response
after a fixed time
period.
• Examples?
TYPES OF INTERMITTENT
REINFORCEMENT
• Variable-interval
schedule: reinforce
the first response
after a varying time
interval
• Examples?
THIS MIGHT HELP KEEP THEM
STRAIGHT…
• 1. Do you see something that's set or seems to have
a distinct pattern, or do you see something that
seems to change? Pick either fixed or variable then.
• 2. Do you see a number or do you see a unit of
time? Pick either ratio or interval.
MYERS' DEMONSTRATION OF
REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES
CLICK HERE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
• Teachers use operant
conditioning
methods in various
ways while grading
assignments.
• How do you feel
when a teacher
doesn’t give
reinforcement for
every assignment?
REWARDS AND MOTIVATION
Learning Assessments: 6-4 & 6-7
Delayed Gratification
Would greater rewards motivate you more?
Imagine you got paid to do your favorite thing.
Would this be good or bad?
• "Drive"
•
•
•
•
OBSERVATIONAL
LEARNING
AKA SOCIAL LEARNING
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
• Trenton and the
iPhone...I didn’t
reinforce any
behavior...he simply
watched me and
figured out how to
use it.
MIRROR NEURONS
• Yawning
• Biological
explanation for
conformity?
• Empathy
BANDURA & THE BOBO DOLL
• Forty studies