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A relatively permanent
change in behavior
brought about by
experience
◦ Distinguishes between
changes due to maturation
and changes brought
about by experience
◦ Distinguishes between
short-term changes in
performance and actual
learning
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Type of learning discovered
by Ivan Pavlov in which a
neutral stimulus comes to
bring about a response
after it is paired with a
stimulus that naturally
brings about that response
A stimulus that, before
conditioning,does not naturally bring
about the response of interest
A stimulus that brings about a
response without having been
learned
Classical Conditioning
A natural, innate response that is
not associated with previous
learning
Classical Conditioning
A NS that has been paired with a
UCS to bring about a response
formerly caused only by the UCS
A response that, after
conditioning, follows a
previously neutral stimulus
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Extinction
◦ Occurs when a previously
conditioned response
decreases in frequency
and eventually disappears
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Spontaneous recovery
◦ The re-emergence of an
extinguished conditioned
response after a period of
rest
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Stimulus generalization
◦ Occurs when a conditioned
response follows a stimulus
that is similar to the original
conditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
New Stimulus

Stimulus discrimination
◦ Ability to differentiate
between stimuli
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Operant Conditioning
◦ Learning in which a
voluntary response is
strengthened or weakened,
depending on its favorable
or unfavorable
consequences

Law of effect
◦ Responses that lead to
satisfying consequences are
more likely to be repeated,
and responses followed by
negative outcomes are less
likely to be repeated
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Reinforcement
◦ The process by which a
stimulus increases the
probability that a
preceding behavior will be
repeated

Reinforcer
◦ Any stimulus that
increases the probability
that a preceding behavior
will occur again

Primary reinforcer
◦ Satisfies some biological
need and works naturally,
regardless of a person’s
prior experience

Secondary reinforcer
◦ A stimulus that becomes
reinforcing because of its
association with a primary
reinforcement

Positive Reinforcement
◦ A stimulus added to the
environment that brings about an
increase in a preceding response
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Negative
reinforcement
◦ Unpleasant stimulus
whose removal from
the environment
leads to an increase
in the probability
that a preceding
response will occur
again in the future
◦ Escape conditioning
◦ Avoidance
conditioning
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Stimulus that decreases
the probability that a
prior behavior will occur
again
◦ Positive punishment
weakens a response
through the application of
an unpleasant stimulus
◦ Negative punishment
consists of the removal of
something pleasant

Continuous reinforcement
◦ Behavior that is reinforced
every time it occurs

Partial reinforcement
◦ Behavior that is reinforced
some but not all of the
time

Fixed-ratio schedule
◦ Reinforcement is given
only after a certain
number of responses

Variable-ratio schedule
◦ Reinforcement occurs after
a varying number of
responses rather than
after a fixed number

Fixed-interval schedule
◦ Provides reinforcement for a
response only if a fixed time
period has elapsed, overall
rates of response are
relatively low

Variable-interval schedule
◦ Time between
reinforcements varies
around some average
rather than being fixed

Stimulus Control Training
◦ Behavior is reinforced in
the presence of a specific
stimulus, but not in its
absence
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Discriminative stimulus
◦ Signals the likelihood that
reinforcement will follow
the response

Stimulus generalization
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Superstitious behavior
Shaping
◦ Process of teaching a
complex behavior by
rewarding closer and
closer approximations of
the desired behavior
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Biological constraints
◦ Built-in limitations in the
ability of animals to learn
particular behaviors
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Latent learning
◦ A new behavior is learned
but not demonstrated until
reinforcement is provided
for displaying it

Observational learning
◦ Learning through observing
the behavior of another
person called a model