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Name:_________________________________ Student #__________________
Lab Section:_____________________________ TA: ______________________
Section I: True or False statements. (½ mark each - no penalty for wrong
answers).
Q Statement
True
1 A basic tenet of the theory of punctuated equilibrium is that
A
anagenesis can occur without cladogenesis
2 A photoheterotroph is an organism that obtains its energy
A
from sunlight and carbon from an inorganic source
3 All animals have at least one cluster of homeotic genes
A
4 All species are defined as interbreeding groups of individuals
A
reproductively isolated from all others
5 Coenocytic hyphae lack internal divisions among cells
A
6 Derived traits are usually more complex than ancestral traits
A
7 Evolutionary convergence in 1 or more characters can lead to
A
polyphyletic groups in a phylogeny
8 Grades are acceptable groupings in a cladistic analysis
A
9 Gram-positive bacteria lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls
A
10 Paedomorphic heterochronic mutations have been important in A
generating new lineages of organisms
11 Induction is the phenomenon by which the fate of cells in an
A
embryo is determined by interaction with other cells
12 Large and small genomes differ mostly in the number of genes A
13 Methanogens are a type of Archaea
A
14 Multicellular algae are a polyphyletic group
A
15 Oomycetes are convergent with fungi because they have chitin A
in their cell walls
16 The 2 types of slime molds are plasmodial and colonial
A
17 The chemical evolution hypothesis suggests that the
A
biochemistry of early life was significantly different than what
is observed today
18 The earth is approximately 45 billion years old.
A
19 The most diverse group of Eubacteria are the proteobacteria
A
20 Two organisms in the same family but different genera share a A
more recent common ancestor than two organisms in the
same class but different orders
False
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Section II: Multiple Choice. Please select the best answer. (1 mark each)
21. Which of the following statements about prions is false?
A: prions can occur in both an innocuous and a harmful morph
B: they are proteins that may be involved in cell signalling
C: prions cause fatal diseases in non-immunized individuals
D: prions lack RNA
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Name:_________________________________ Student #__________________
Lab Section:_____________________________ TA: ______________________
ancestor
A
B
C
22. In the diagram above, the figure on the far left represents a modern human
adult. Figures A – C represent 3 adult specimens of hypothetical descendents of
modern humans. What type of heterochronic mutation does each represent?
A:
B:
C:
D:
A = neoteny; B = progenesis; C = postdisplacement
A = progenesis; B = neoteny; C = hypermorphosis
A = peramorphosis; B = deceleration; C = pedomorphosis
A = predisplacement; B = hypermorphosis; C = postdisplacement
23. Which of the following is likely to act earliest in development?
A:
B:
C:
D:
homeotic genes
apoptosis
cytoplasmic segregation
induction
24. Which of the following statements about morphogens is false?
A: morphogen gradients form when chemical signals diffuse along an axis
B: the concentration gradient of a morphogen controls gene expression
C: bicoid and nanos are morphogens that act early in Drosophila development
D: morphogens are only found in animals (eumetazoa)
25. Which of the following statements about stromatolites is not true?
A: the earliest stromatolites appeared more than 3 billion years ago
B: stromatolites thrive in hypersaline conditions
C: some prokaryotes in stromatolites produce O2
D: photosynthetic organisms in stromatolites do not reduce CO2
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Name:_________________________________ Student #__________________
Lab Section:_____________________________ TA: ______________________
β1
log y
β
α1
descendent
ancestor
α
log x
26. The figure above represents the relative growth of two structures (Y and x)
in a hypothetical organism. This is an example of:
A:
B:
C:
D:
predisplacement
progenesis
acceleration
hypermorphosis
27. Which of the following statements concerning the development of the
Drosophila embryo is false?
A: segmentation genes specify the number of body segments
B: the products of maternal effect genes activate the expression of segmentation
genes
C: segmentation genes specify the correct polarity of each segment
D: segmentation genes include gap genes, pair-rule genes and homeotic genes
28. Which of the following statements is false?
A: 2 genes are homologous if they are related by descent from a common
ancestral DNA sequence
B: orthologs are genes (occurring in related species) that evolved from a
common ancestral gene
C: paralogs usually retain their original function, while function usually differs
among orthologs
D: paralogs are genes related by duplication within a genome
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Name:_________________________________ Student #__________________
Lab Section:_____________________________ TA: ______________________
29. Consider a large population that has been subdivided into two smaller
subpopulations by a physical barrier. Which of the following does not contribute
to speciation?
A: genetic drift
B: gene flow
C: reproductive isolating mechanisms
D: heterochronic mutations
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
group I = 6, 7
group II = 5, 6, 7
group III = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
30. The figure above represents the hypothetical phylogeny of 7 species. The
dashed lines indicate “deep time” (at the base of the tree is a distant ancestor).
Which of the following statements is true?
A: Group I is monophyletic, group II is paraphyletic, group III is polyphyletic.
B: Group I is a clade, group II is a grade, group III is a clade.
C: Group I is paraphyletic, group II is monophyletic, group III is polyphyletic.
D: Group I is a clade, group II is a clade, group III is a clade.
31. Which of the following statements about Archaea is false?
A: Archaea may not be a monophyletic group
B: Archaea have unusual lipids in their cell membranes
C: Archaea are characterized by having peptidoglycan in their cell walls
D: Archaea are more closely related to Eukarya than to Eubacteria
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Name:_________________________________ Student #__________________
Lab Section:_____________________________ TA: ______________________
32. All birds have feathers, and only birds have feathers. Which of the following
statements is true?
A: Feathers are ancestral when considering evolutionary relationships among
birds, but derived when placing birds within a phylogeny including other
groups
B: Feathers are a derived trait used to determine how flightlessness evolved in
some birds
C: Feathers are a derived trait when comparing extinct birds to modern birds
D: Feathers are an ancestral trait when considering the evolutionary relationships
among all vertebrates
33. Which of the following statements about prokaryotic cells is false?
A: Prokaryotes are permanently haploid
B: Prokaryotes lack a cytoskeleton
C: Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles
D: Prokaryotes undergo rapid mitosis
34. Which of the following statements about hsp90 is false?
A: hsp90 is a chaperone protein
B: hsp90 may improve the function of some proteins
C: hsp90 encodes a transcription factor
D: hsp90 keeps some proteins unstable
35. Consider a lineage of marine snails. During evolution, there were a number
of speciation events in this lineage, resulting in variation in body size among the
daughter species. The larger snails were often more successful than the smaller
snails, resulting in frequent adaptive radiations among the larger snails. This is
an example of:
A: differential extinction
B: punctuated equilibrium
C: anagenesis without cladogenesis
D: differential speciation
36. Which of the following types of characters are useful in a cladistic analysis?
A: autapomorphies and synapomorphies
B: shared derived characters
C: all types of characters (morphological, biochemical, etc.)
D: ancestral and derived traits
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Name:_________________________________ Student #__________________
Lab Section:_____________________________ TA: ______________________
Section III. Match the group on the left with the characteristic on the right.
Each letter may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Each question is
worth ½ mark.
Q
37
38
39
40
41
Organism:
firmicutes C
spirochetes D
purple bacteria A
cyanobacteria B
Chlamydia E
Characteristic
A: non-oxygenic photosynthesis
B: oxygenic photosynthesis
C: endospores
D: axial filaments
E: obligate intracellular parasites
Q:
42
43
44
45
46
Organism:
diplomonads B
euglenozoans A
dinoflagellates D
ciliates E
diatoms C
Characteristic
A: crystalline rod
B: multiple flagella
C: have photosynthetic endosymbionts
D: responsible for “red tide”
E: contractile vacuoles
Q:
47
48
49
50
51
Organism:
Chytridiomycota B
Zygomycota C
Glomeromycetes D
Ascomycota E
Basidiomycota A
Q:
52
53
54
55
56
Term:
apoptosis B
Ubx A
induction D
cytoplasmic segregation C
aniridia E
Characteristic
A: bracket fungi and most mushrooms
B: motile spores
C: include the microsporidia
D: all form mycorrhizae
E: symbiosis with algae, cyanobacteria
Example
A: mutation results in development of extra wings
B: failure results in syndactyly
C: controls location of cleavage
D: responsible for formation of optic cup
E: homolog of Pax-6 and eyeless
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Name:_________________________________ Student #__________________
Lab Section:_____________________________ TA: ______________________
Section IV. Short answer questions. Choose 1 of the following 5-mark
questions. Please answer in the space provided (remember, longer is not always
better!).
57. Consider the following matrix for 10 characters of 4 species (A – D). 0 =
absence and 1 = presence of a particular trait. Construct a phenogram based
on these data. (Show your rough work.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
A
B
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
C
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
D
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
Constructing Taxon Matrix (2 marks)
A
B
C
D
•
•
•
A
-
B
0.7
-
C
0.3
0.0
-
D
0.3
0.2
0.8
-
-1 mark for 1st mistake
-2 marks for >2 mistakes
-1 mark for not converting to decimal or fraction
Joining Closest Groups C-D & A-B (2 marks)
(A-D)+(B-D)+(A-C)+(B-C)
4
•
•
(0.3)+(0.2)+(0.3)+(0.0) = 0.8 = 0.2
4
4
-1 for including equation
-1 for incorrect solution
Phenogram (1 mark)
A
B
C
D
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Name:_________________________________ Student #__________________
Lab Section:_____________________________ TA: ______________________
58. What were the advantages of the 5 kingdom system of classification over
previous classification systems? Why is it now considered obsolete?
A) 5 kingdom system: 2 domains (Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes); one kingdom of
prokaryotes (Monera) and 4 eukaryotes (Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae and
Animalia)
• 0.25 marks per point
• no marks for ‘5 kingdom system’ without reference to other points
B) Advantages: recognized fundamental split between pro- and eukaryotes; saw
“protoctists” as basal to other eukaryotes; recognized differences in
nutritional modes among eukaryotes; Fungi separate from Plantae;
“protozoans” removed from Animalia; algae removed from Plantae
• 0.25 marks per point
C) Problems: lacked cladistic approach: monera & protoctists were paraphyletic
groups
• 0.5 marks for cladistics point
• 0.5 marks for example (monera & protistis)
D) Obsolete because differences within “Monera” more profound than between
some “monerans” and eukaryotes
• 1 mark
E) New approach recognizes 3 domains (Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukarya)
• 0.5 marks for mentioning 3 domains
• 0.5 marks for naming them
59. Describe the hypothesized steps that occurred in the evolution of the
eukaryotic cell.
A) Loss of cell wall
• 1 mark
B) Infolding of cell membrane (perhaps enclosing “nucleus”, ER, golgi
apparatus, lysosomes)
• 1 mark
• -0.5 for not mentioning ‘cell membrane’
C) Formation of flagella, cilia, etc.
• 1 mark
D) Cytoskeleton (actin + microtubules)
• 1 mark
E) Endocytosis of peroxisomes, mitochrondria, chloroplasts
• 1 mark
• -0.5 marks for not mentioning peroxisomes, mitochrondria or
chloroplasts)
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