* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Unit 14 Social Psychology
Interpersonal relationship wikipedia , lookup
Human bonding wikipedia , lookup
Milgram experiment wikipedia , lookup
Interpersonal attraction wikipedia , lookup
Impression formation wikipedia , lookup
Social dilemma wikipedia , lookup
Belongingness wikipedia , lookup
Self-categorization theory wikipedia , lookup
Social loafing wikipedia , lookup
Social facilitation wikipedia , lookup
Attitude (psychology) wikipedia , lookup
Albert Bandura wikipedia , lookup
Communication in small groups wikipedia , lookup
James M. Honeycutt wikipedia , lookup
Group dynamics wikipedia , lookup
False consensus effect wikipedia , lookup
Attitude change wikipedia , lookup
Self-perception theory wikipedia , lookup
UNIT 14 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Label a new blank page in your notebook: Social psychologists Study social forces that explain why the same person acts differently in different situations https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =epuTZigxUY8 Q1: HOW DOES FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR DESCRIBE HOW WE TEND TO EXPLAIN OTHERS’ BEHAVIOR COMPARED TO OURS? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =epuTZigxUY8 Fundamental Attribution Error tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personality traits What are the real world implications of the f.a.e? poverty? relationships ? Q2: WHAT IS AN ATTITUDE & HOW DO ATTITUDES AND ACTIONS AFFECT EACH OTHER attitudes: feelings, based on our Attitudes beliefs that influence our Behavior behavior If we believe someone is mean we may feel dislike and then act unfriendly toward them …but, there is evidence that attitudes can develop from behavior Behavior Attitudes Attitudes follow behavior… Foot-in-the-door phenomenon REUTERS/ Vasily Fedosenko If someone convinced you to act against your beliefs, you’d change your belief (attitude) to match your action. People agreeing to a small request will find it easier to later agree to a larger one Principle works for negative and positive behavior ATTITUDES FOLLOW BEHAVIOR Cooperative actions, such as those performed by people on sports teams feed mutual liking. Q2 CONTINUED…ACTIONS AFFECT ATTITUDES… : a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position should act. Role Cognitive dissonance theory the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. If you do a behavior that is “bad” you change your attitude about the behavior. Q2… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_LKzEqlPto 29 min https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fa7QZWfivtc A.G 5 min POWER OF THE SITUATION / ROLE ZIMBARDO PRISON STUDY Purpose: If you put good people in a bad situation, will the Participants: College age men. Randomly assigned to Guard & person do bad things Prisoner Cut short after 6 days. Guards & Prisoners both Results: felt shame & humiliation. For most, the situation did control behavior. Some guards did “evil” things and others didn’t speak up. Ethics: 1. Informed Consent 2. 2. Keep results confidential 3. Do no physical or mental harm 4. Debrief participants Q3: WHAT DO EXPERIMENTS ON CONFORMITY & OBEDIENCE TELL US ABOUT THE POWER OF SOCIAL INFLUENCE?(PG. 382) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYIh4MkcfJA chameleon effect: Asch’s Conformity Study: define: Method deceived: # of participants: task: What is the decision participant has to make during the 3rd trial? Results when answering alone… when in the room with confederates who answered incorrectly… more likely to conform when… (7) confederate participant confederate Asch’s Conformity Study: define: adjusting our thinking or behavior to go along with a group standard METHOD deceived: a study on visual perception # of participants: you & 5 others task: state, 1 by 1, which of 3 lines is the same as a standard 1. Easy. What is the decision you have to make during the 3rd trial? Should I conform? RESULTS when answering alone… wrong less than 1% of the time when in the room with confederates who answered incorrectly… wrong 37% of the time more likely to conform when… feel insecure admire the groups’ status group has at least THREE everyone else agrees have not already know others committed to an will observe answer our behavior MILGRAM’S OBEDIENCE STUDY Define: Method https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GD0PVFrNYH4 Re-visited 1st 3 minutes “fake” study – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwOeCF27PzM Re-visited remainder draw randomly to determine – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16QMQXIjYVU Intro to Obedience (5 min) teacher task – learner task- teacher after 1st wrong answer: teacher after 8th wrong answer: learner after 10th wrong answer: You want to stop hurting this person but the experimenter says: “…” Final shock v: At what level would you stop? At what level would most people (say) stop? Results Obedience is highest when… (4) MILGRAM’S OBEDIENCE STUDY Define: changing a behavior to follow a command Method “Fake” study (deception) – “Effect of punishment on learning” Participants: 1 “teacher” & 1 “learner” teacher task – test learner on word pairs; if wrong = shock them learner task- to learn the words….actually an actor (confederate) teacher is too gradually increase shocks given to “learner” each time they are wrong If participant (“teacher”) wants to stop, the researcher says… “You have no choice. You must go on.” Final shock v: 450 volt At what level would you stop? your opinion At what level would most people say they would stop? Men vs. Women: Results Obedience is highest when… OBEDIENCE HIGHEST WHEN… Person giving order is close by & was an authority figure The authority figure was associated with a respected institution The victim was depersonalized or far away There was no role model of defiance Point to Remember: 1. People are not evil, they are obedient. 2. One person can make a difference… minority influence: you can sway the majority if you hold firmly to your beliefs – power of committed individual is as strong as power of the group WINDING TIMES LAB DIRECTIONS 1. In your group, assign yourself the role of Subject #1, #2, #3, or #4 2. Subjects #1 and #2 should go somewhere quiet and time each other, one by one, winding the yarn as fast as they can. Subjects #3 and #4 should do the same. 3. Report your scores to Mrs. Mal. Q5: HOW DOES THE PRESENCE OF OTHERS INFLUENCE OUR ACTIONS THROUGH SOCIAL FACILITATION & SOCIAL LOAFING Winding Times Lab: 1. According to our class data, did social facilitation prove to be true in this experiment? Explain your answer using the data to support your response. 2. Why does social facilitation occur? 3. What are positive effects of social facilitation? 4. Would the impact of social facilitation increase or decrease with group size? Explain. 5. How does social facilitation explain home-team advantage? 6. What were the flaws in this experiment? Q5: …CONTINUED… Social Facilitation: people tend to have a stronger response (do better) on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. Social Loafing: tendency to give less effort when in a group Don’t feel accountable Not worth the effort Q7-8-9: WHAT IS PREJUDICE AND WHAT ARE THE SOCIAL, EMOTION, & COGNITIVE ROOTS OF PREJUDICE? Prejudice: Negative attitude towards a group 1. beliefs (stereotypes) 2. emotions (hostility, envy, fear) 3. predisposed to action (discrimination) behavior Open prejudice declines but subtle prejudice lingers page 391 -393 Due Thursday: 15 points …CREATE THIS CHART IN YOUR NOTES… Social just-world phenomenon (define & example) in group v. out group Emotional scapegoat theory 9/11 example Cognitive explain how forming categories categories can lead to prejudice explain how remembering vivid cases vivid cases leads to prejudice SOCIAL ROOTS OF PREJUDICE Just World Phenomenon people get what they deserve; good is rewarded & evil is punished Stereotypes rationalize inequalities women slave owners In Group (us)- Out Group (them) social identities lead us to like our ingroup ingroup bias tendency to favor our own group EMOTIONAL ROOTS OF PREJUDICE Scapegoat Theory outlet for anger by providing someone to blame poverty Prejudice levels are high among economically depressed people feeling insecure leads us to repair that by talking badly about others 9/11 Outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Am. COGNITIVE ROOTS OF PREJUDICE Categories categories = simplify our world When we categorize people, we often overestimate their similarities other race effect Recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races Vivid Cases Vivid cases are readily available in our memory & fed our stereotypes. Q10 & Q11: WHY DO WE LIKE WHO WE DO & WHAT ARE PASSIONATE AND COMPANIONATE LOVE? Love Style Survey Eros (Items 1–4) Passionate love. . It focuses strongly on physical attraction &sensual satisfaction. Rapidly developing, emotionally intense, intimate relationships. They tend to idealize their lovers and are willing to take risks. Ludus (Items 5–8) Love is a game. Likes the “chase”. This type of person dates several partners and moves in and out of love affairs quickly & easily. He or she refuses to make longrange plans. Wary of emotional intensity from others. Storge (Items 9–12) These people find themselves in relationships that take time to develop. Desire a long-term relationship based on mutual trust. Often dates past friends Pragma (Items 13–16) Need to be in a relationship where each satisfies each other’s basic or practical needs. Relationships are based on satisfactory rewards rather than romantic attraction. (“I need a boy/girl friend”) (“We’re just hanging out”) Mania (Items 17–20) Possessive, dependent love. Often fearful of being rejected by partner. Highly emotional expressiveness and a lot of disclosure, but sometimes low selfesteem. Yearns for love, but believes being in love is painful. He or she tries to force the partner into greater expressions of affection. (“Tell me how you feel”) (“Show me you love me”) Agape (Items 21–24) All-giving, selfless, non-demanding love. You would sacrifice your own interests in favor of your partner’s and give without expecting a reward. They are not happy unless the partner is also happy. Prepared to share all they have, they are vulnerable to exploitation. PSYCH SIM 5 DATING AND MATING 1. Three factors that influence romantic attraction are a) b) c) 3. According to Darwin, sexual selection is.... 4. Gender Difference in Mate Selection Men prefer____ ________ ______ because.... Women prefer _______ ________ __________ _ _________ _______ because... 5. Women and men differ in jealousy in that men...... and women..... 6. What are the differences between men and women in terms of fantasy literature? 7. Across cultures, the top two preferences for mates were ______ and _______. 8. People tend to marry someone..... Q14: WHEN ARE WE MOST & LEAST LIKELY TO INTERVENE? (402) Altruism Kitty Genovese unselfish concern for others (help) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdpdUbW 8vbw&list=PLGT6Pl4TS54xKajHCZtHlUQuzMI60SEQ&index=1 Kitty G (6:43) murdered while 38 of her neighbors didn’t help https://youtu.be/z4S1LLrSzVE?t=1m28s Bystander Effect 6 min Bystander Intervention Three things required in order for someone to help 1. Notice the incident 2. Interpret it as an emergency 3. Assume responsibility Bystander Effect The tendency for people to be less likely to help when other people are present.