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Europe Between the Two World Wars 1920s-1930s • 5 Big Changes Communism in Russia • Nikolai Lenin—Leader of the Bolshevik Revolution • [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxHUeH hdYz0 • Joseph Stalin—He became leader of the USSR from 1922-1952, a man who was responsible for roughly 40 million deaths. • [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TXHL7Fs KvU Fascism in Italy • Definition—A government ruled by a dictator who controls the lives of the people. People cannot disagree with the government due to the importance of nationalism. • Benito Mussolini—Fascist dictator in Italy Nazism in Germany • German Fascism = Nazism • Adolf Hitler—Nazi Germany’s leader • [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q Ckn5bu8GgM Einstein & Science • Albert Einstein—He was born in Germany in 1879, but revolutionized the field of physics, correcting some of the errors of Isaac Newton (who was, nevertheless, also a brilliant physicist). He was visiting the U.S. when Hitler came to power in 1933, and became an American citizen in 1940. • Theory of Relativity • E = mc2 • [Video, sk 2:50-3:40] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64WpGhpjkHg Expressionism (Painting) • “I am unable to distinguish between the feeling I have for life and my way of expressing it.” – Henri Matisse • Definition: Expressionism reflects the artist’s personal vision of life, while adding emotion. • [Van Gogh] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HC2VriINKLU • [Video, sk 1:12-19] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xa6jEubs8DM Cubism (Painting) • Pablo Picasso (Spain’s greatest painter) • Definition: Cubism used odd-looking shapes and forms to create an abstract picture • [Video] https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=V15rXg1nJ6 w Music in the ‘20s and ’30s • Jazz—This genre of music was born in New Orleans, LA, which combined a “melting pot” of cultures to produce music that was spontaneous and based on feeling. • [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6tW54kRfHs • Polytonality—Developed by Russian composer Igor Stravinsky and Austrian Arnold Schonberg, this means to play two different keys at once. It created somewhat depressing-sounding music. • [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZkIAVGlfWk Literature in the ‘20s and ’30s • Themes—Much of the literature in the 1920s and 1930s had themes of hopelessness, pessimism, and pacifism. Writers were living in the aftermath of a brutal war, and could not make sense of things like hope and happiness. • “One by one they were all becoming shades. Better pass boldly into that other world, in the full glory of some passion, than fade and wither dismally with age.” - James Joyce