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Personality Introduction Mystery of Personality? Brief class assessment of unique personality Nature of Personality Consistency Across Situations- Tendency to behave in certain ways across situations Distinctiveness- Each individual has his/her own distinctive set of personality traits Personality – Individuals unique collection of relatively consistent behavioral traits. Basic Personality Traits Five Factor Model of Personality traits McCrae and Costa belief most personality traits are derived from just five higher order traits: 1.) Extraversion 2.) Openness to experience 3.) Conscientiousness 4.) Agreeableness 5.) Neuroticism 1.) Extraversion How does person behave if high in extraversion? How does person behave if low in extraversion (or is introverted)? 2.) Openness to experience What is someone like who is high in openness to experience? What is someone like who is not open to experience? 3.) Conscientiousness What is an individual like who is high in this trait? What is a person low on this trait like? 4.) Agreeableness What is a person high in agreeableness like? What is a person like who is low in agreeableness? 5.) Neuroticism What is an individual like who is high in neuroticism? What is an individual like who is low in neuroticism? Class Activity: Think of a fictional character and analyze him/her/it according to the big five Dueling Personality Theories 1.) Psychodynamic 2.) Behavioral 3.) Humanistic 4.) Biological 1.) Psychodynamic Theory founded by Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic theory explains personality by childhood experiences, unconscious motives, and methods used to cope with sexual and aggressive urges Freud outlined 3 major personality components 1.) id 2.)ego 3.) superego Freudian personality structure conflict 1.) Id – primitive, instinctive part of personality Operates according to pleasure principle (“wants”) 2.) Ego – decision making component Operates according to reality principle Delay id gratification until appropriate outlet found 3) Superego- Moral component that incorporates social standards of right and wrong Example of how these conflict and work together Freudian belief about anxiety We all have difficulty with anxiety Freud believed we resort to defense mechanisms to deal with it Defense mechanism – Largely unconscious reaction that protect a person from unpleasant emotions like anxiety Important Defense mechanisms: Repression Projection Displacement Reaction Formation Regression Rationalization Identification Defense Mechanisms Repression – Bury any thoughts and feelings that cause anxiety Ex Displacement- Divert emotional feelings from original source to another Ex Reaction Formation – Behave in a way exactly opposite of one’s true feelings Ex Regression – Revert to immature or childish behavior ex Defense Mechanisms Rationalization – Create false but plausible excuse to justify unacceptable behavior. Ex Identification – Increase self-esteem by forming imaginary or real alliance with some person or group ex 2.) Behavioral Perspective Behaviorist review B.F. Skinner views Determinism – Personality and Behavior fully determined by environment Human responses are shaped by operant conditioning (rewards and punishment determine personality) How can reinforcement and punishment shape our personality? 2.) Behavioral Perspective Albert Bandura- Observational Learning Observational Learning – Organisms responding is influenced by observation of others. ex 3.) Humanistic Perspective Humanism – Emphasize unique qualities of humans (like our potential for freedom and personal growth) Carl Roger’s Person Centered Therapy Views personality structure in terms of one construct: The Self (Self-Concept)- collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities and typical behavior. -Anxiety is result of experiences that don’t fit with our self-concepts -We thus ignore reality to protect self-concept Abraham Maslow’s Theory of Self- Actualization Humans have a hierarchy of needs that must be met to reach full potential 4.) Biological Theories Eyesenck Theory – Humans personality largely determined by genes Minnesota twin study Recent research in behavioral genetics providing more support that personality largely inherited Personality Assessment Self-Report Inventories – Personality Tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their behavior Ex.) MMPI Strengths and Weaknesses Projective Tests – Ask participants to respond to vague ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal subjects needs, feelings, and personality traits Rorschach test