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Unit 6
Learning
Behavioral Perspective
Association – Learning (Obj.1)
  Learning – relatively permanent change in an organism’s
behavior
  Habituation- decreased response due to overexposure the
boy who cried wolf
  Associative Learning - naturally connecting events that occur
in sequence  lightning and thunder
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Link two events that occur close together
How many of you have to have popcorn when you go to the movies?
Walk on the right side of the hall?
Sleep a certain way? Have a bedtime ritual?
Pavlov (Obj.2)
  Ivan Pavlov- russian scientist
that studied digestions of dogs.
  Interesting:
  Before pursuing science as a
career, Pavlov wanted to follow in
his father’s footsteps and become
a priest.
  Even though Pavlov disagreed with
Communism, his fame and his work
kept him from persecution. The
soviet govt. funded him so well
that he was able to host
international conferences in
physiology.
  Won a NOBEL prize in 1904 in
Physiology and Medicine.
Classical Conditioning (Obj.2)
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Type of learning that happens TO someone
Person learns to respond to a stimulus.
Previously the stimulus meant nothing.
Now it means something IS ABOUT TO
HAPPEN.
Stimulus-Response Relationship
Stimulus-Response Relationship
Examples of Classical
Conditioning
Phobias A*er the a.acks, cats become a
warning s6mulus for pain causing fear
when the child sees cats. A*er this botched photo, 6 * bunny
becomes warning s6mulus for
someone trying to capture you. Examples of Classical
Conditioning
Taste Aversion A*er throwing up a food, it
becomes a warning s6mulus
for geAng sick. Examples of Classical
Conditioning
Using Sex to Sell Adver6sers pair their product with sexual
imagery hoping that the product will
become a ‘promising s6mulus’ for sexual
arousal. Hopefully this connec6on makes
you grab their product off the self . Examples of Classical
Conditioning
Pavlov (Obj.2)
Conditioned: learned
Unconditioned: unlearned
Neutral Stimulus (NS): Does nothing
UCS: Unconditioned Stimulus  automatically triggers an
unlearned unconditioned response
  UCR: Unconditioned Response  unlearned, naturally
occurring automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus
  CS: Conditioned Stimulus: Learned Stimulus  neutral stimulus
that after pairing comes to trigger a learned conditioned
response
  CR: Conditioned Response: Learned Response  learned
response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus
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Pavlov’s Experiment (Obj. 2)
Pavlov’s Experiment
Pavlov’s Experiment
Classical Conditioning Example
  Bill’s cat, Lulu, is fed only canned food. The cans are
always opened with a can opener that makes a
distinctive noise. After a while, Lulu starts to salivate
whenever she hears the can opener.
  UCS?
  food
  UCR?
  salivate
  CS?
  sound of can opener
  CR?
  salivate
Conditioning Concepts (Obj. 4)
  Acquisition - initial stage of learning
  Best when the NS/CS is presented half a second before UCS.
  response is established & gradually strengthened
  classical conditioning – neutral stimulus evokes a CR
  Extinction - diminishing of a CR
  classical conditioning - when a UCS does not follow a CS
  Spontaneous Recovery - reappearance, after a rest period,
of an extinguished CR
  Discrimination - to distinguish between a CS and other
stimuli that do not signal an UCS
  Generalization - tendency for a stimuli similar to CS to
evoke similar responses
  Spontaneous Recovery- sometimes, after extinction,
the CR still randomly appears after the CS is
presented.
Can Emotions Be Conditioned?
JAWS
  UCS?
  shark attack
  UCR?
  pain
  CS?
  music
  CR?
  fear/scared
Far-Side Conditioning
  UCS:
  Siren
  UCR:
  Fear / Scared
  CS:
  Motorcycle
  CR:
  Fear/scared of motorcycle
  Sam is 3 years old. One night his parents build a
fire in their fireplace. The fire spits out a large
ember that hits Sam and burns him. A week later,
when Sam’s parents light another fire, Sam
becomes upset and fearful.
  UCS?
  ember burns Sam
  UCR?
  pain
  CS?
  Sight of fire
  CR?
  fear
Behaviorist Perspective
  Behaviorist, like John Watson
1.  study only overt (viewable) behavior
2.  no reference to mental processes
3.  learned behaviors can be reduced to
stimulus-response (mindless) mechanisms
4.  Little Albert- Aversive Conditioning
  Emotions and behaviors are conditioned
Learning The process by which experience or prac6ce results in a rela6vely
permanent change in behavior or poten6al behavior We are
here
Classical
Conditioning
The type of learning in
which a response
naturally elicited by
one stimulus becomes
to be elicited by a
different formally
neutral stimulus
Operant
Conditioning
The type of learning in
which behaviors are
emitted to earn
rewards or avoid
punishments
Social
Cognitive
Learning
Theory
The type of learning in
which behaviors are
learned by observing a
model
Pavlov and Watson B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
UCS, UCR, CS, CR Reinforcement and
Punishment
Modeling and Vicarious
Learning
Extending Classical Cond. (Obj. 5)
  Classical Conditioning Extended
  Cognitive Processes - cognitive appraisals are
important for learning
  Learned helplessness
  aversion therapy for alcoholism
•  nauseating drug not alcohol
  Biological Predispositions - enhances survival
  we more easily learn to fear snakes than flowers
  John Garcia: Taste Aversion and Cancer Patients
Nausea Conditioning in
Cancer Patients
Importance of Pavlov’s Work (Obj.6)
  Pavlov’s work & C.C.
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learning apply across species
species adapt to their environment
objective vs. subjective
Applications:
  drug abuse therapy
•  aversive control - counterconditioning,
  disease fighting immune system
  underlie fears - Anxiety disorders (emotional)
•  exposure therapies – systematic desensitization
Classical Conditioning vs.
Operant Conditioning (Obj. 7)
  Classical Conditioning: associates different
stimuli & responds automatically
  (stimulus / response)
  Respondent behavior – involuntary behavior
  Operant Conditioning: associates act on its
environment to produce consequences
  (rewarding / punishing)
  Operant behavior – voluntary behavior
Operant Conditioning (Obj. 7)
Working You go to work to
get rewarded by a
paycheck Operant Conditioning (Obj. 7)
Coming
home by
curfew You come home by
curfew to avoid
geAng yelled at. Operant Conditioning (Obj. 7)
Supers66ous
Behavior You do things you know
have no real impact on
reality because that one
6me you did it, the team
won. Operant Conditioning (Obj. 7)
Going to
school. You take
challenging
courses, do lots of
work so that you
can. . . ? Operant Conditioning (Obj.7)
  Operant Conditioning - behavior is strengthened if followed by
reinforcement (positive or negative) or diminished if followed
by punishment
  Associate: Actions with Consequences
  Law of Effect – (Thorndike): rewarded behavior is likely to
recur.
  B.F. Skinner - behaviors controlled primarily by external
influences (reward and punishment)
  Elaborated on Thorndike’s “Law of Effect”
  Shaping - guide behavior toward closer
approximations of a desired goal
  Successive Approximations - reward behaviors that
increasingly resemble desired behavior
Operant Chamber or Skinner Box
Types of Reinforcers (Obj. 9)
  Reinforcement - any consequence that
strengthens / increases behavior
  Positive reinforcement (strengthens) +
  Adds something rewarding following a behavior
  food / money / praise
  Negative reinforcement (strengthens)   Removes something unpleasant that was in the
environment following behavior.
  is not punishment
  pop aspirin
  hit alarm clock
Punishment (Obj. 10)
  Punishment - aversive event / decreases /
weakens behavior
  Controls, doesn’t stop unwanted behavior
  teaches how to avoid it, don’t get caught
  Does not always guide toward desired behavior
  Behavior is not forgotten, it’s suppressed
  Increased aggression
  Spank your kid and then say “we don’t hit”
  Learned Helplessness – passive resignation
when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Punishment (Obj. 10)
An aversive event that decreases the behavior
it follows.
Operant Conditioning Grid (Obj. 10)
Provide
Take Away
Positive
Positive
Negative
Reinforcement -Punishment
Negative
Positive +
Punishment
Negative
Reinforcement
Principles of Reinforcement
(Obj. 9)
  Primary Reinforcer – innately satisfying
  biological need (food/water)
  Secondary Reinforcer (Conditioned Reinforcers) learned through association with primary reinforcer
  money / good job!
  Immediate vs. Delayed Reinforcers (Gratification)  occurs instantly after a behavior Rat gets food pellet for a
bar press.
  Delayed in time for a certain behavior paycheck at end of
week.
Principles of Reinforcement
(Obj. 9)
  Continuous Reinforcement - reinforcing the desired
response each time it occurs
  acquisition & extinction occur rapidly
  Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement - reinforcing a
response only part of the time
  slower acquisition
  greater resistance to extinction
Schedules of Reinforcement
(Obj. 10)
  Fixed Ratio (#) - specified number of responses (every 3rd)
  faster you respond the more rewards you get
  3 strikes, buy 9 and get the 10th smoothie free
  Variable Ratio (#) - unpredictable number of responses
  very hard to extinguish because of unpredictability
  slot machine, fishing, car salesman
  Fixed Interval (Time) - specified time
  response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for
reward draws near
  glance at the clock more often as class get closer to ending; paycheck
  Variable Interval (Time) - unpredictable time intervals
  produces slow steady responding
  Check phone for text messages
Schedules of Reinforcement
Number of
responses
1000
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
750
Rapid responding
near time for
reinforcement
500
Variable Interval
250
Steady responding
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time (minutes)
60
70
80
Cognition & Biology extending Operant Cond.
(Obj.12)
  Cognitive Map - mental layout of one’s environment
  Latent (hidden) Learning – (Edward Tolman) learning
not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
  Intrinsic reward & Extrinsic reward
  love of the game or love of the money
  Biological Predispositions – constraints that predispose
organisms to learn associations, naturally adaptive
  Drug dogs
(Obj.12)
(Obj.12)
Classical vs. Operant
1.  In order to be able to punish my cat even when I’m not near
enough to reach him. I have paired the sound of a clicker with
getting squirted with water. Now the sound of the clicker causes
him to startle.
2.  My cat never gets on the furniture when I am around.
3.  When I first start teaching about a concept, I’ll praise any answer
that is close to the right answer.
4.  The smell of fresh bread baking makes my mouth water.
5.  In a weight management class, participants earn points for every
healthy meal they eat and every period of exercise they complete.
Later these points result in refunds of their class fees.
6.  When my son has gone a week without arguing with his sister, he
gets to choose his favorite activity to engage in on Friday night.
7.  After the bad car accident we had last year, I cringe and break into
a sweat at the sound of squealing brakes.
Fixed Ratio (FR), Variable Ratio (VR)
Fixed Interval (FI), Variable Interval (VI)
1.  Buy state lottery tickets and winning.
2.  A hotel maid may take a 15-min. break only after having
cleaned three rooms.
3.  Watching and seeing shooting stars on a dark night.
4.  A teenager receives an allowance every Saturday.
5.  Checking the front porch for a newspaper when the delivery
person is extremely unpredictable.
6.  A professional baseball player gets a hit approximately every
third time at bat.
7.  Checking the oven to see if chocolate chip cookies are done,
when baking time is known
8.  A blueberry picker receives $1 after filling 3 pint boxes.
9.  A charitable organization makes an average of ten phone
calls for every donation it receives.
1.  VR
2.  FR
3.  VI
4.  FI
5.  VI
6.  VR
7.  FI
8.  FR
9.  VR
Modeling, Observational learning
Bandura's Bobo doll study
(1961) indicated that
individuals (children)
learn through imitating
others who receive
rewards and punishments.
Courtesy of Albert Bandura, Stanford University
Bandura's Experiments
Observational Learning (Obj.13)
  Observational (Social) Learning (Bandura)- observing
and imitating others
  Modeling
  Mirror neurons – neural basis observational learning
  Monkey see, monkey do
  Autism link
  Bandura’s Experiment: BoBo Doll
  Antisocial models have antisocial effects
  Media desensitizes us
  Prosocial Behavior - positive, helpful behavior
  Prosocial models have prosocial effects
  Gandhi
Observational Learning (Obj.13)
  Insight Learning- (Wolfgang Kohler)- the sudden
appearance of an answer or solution to a problem.
  Kohler exposed chimpanzees to new learning tasks and
concluded the learn by sight.
Observational Learning (Obj.13)
Counter conditioning- reward behavior when
improvement is made.
  Kohler exposed chimpanzees to new learning tasks and
concluded the learn by sight.
Observational Learning (Obj.13)
  Counter conditioning – reward behavior
when improvement is made
  Mere exposure effect – the more you see
something, the more likely you are to buy it or
do it.
Behavioral Modification:
  Systematic Desensitization – Provide the person
with a very minor version of the phobia and work them
up to handling the phobia comfortably.
  Example: Fear of snakes:
  1. Have them watch a short movie about snakes
  2. Have them hold a stuffed animal snake
  3. Have them hold a plastic snake
  4. Have them hold a glass container with a snake inside
  5. Have them touch a small harmless snake
  6. Gradually work to holding a regular size snake