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PSYCHOLOGY: Perspectives & Connections 2nd Edition GREGORY J. FEIST ERIKA L. ROSENBERG Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Biology of Behavior Chapter Three Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Preview Genes and Behavior The Nervous System The Brain Measuring the Brain The Endocrine System Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in the Biology of Behavior Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 Genes and Behavior Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chromosomes DNA Genes Genome Alleles Dominant genes Recessive genes Behavioral genetics Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Principles of Behavioral Genetics 1. 2. 3. 4. The relationship between genes and behavior is complex Most behaviors derive from many genes Studying twins and adoptees helps separate heredity and the environment The environment affects how and when genes affect behavior Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 Complex Connections between Genes and Behavior Specific genes can cause specific diseases but play only a small part in creating g a given g behavior Environmental events can interact with genes to make behaviors more or less likely Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Polygenic Influence on Behavior Traits tend to be influenced by many genes – Monogenic transmission The hereditary passing on of traits determined by a single gene – Polygenic transmission When many genes interact to create a single characteristic Much more common than monogenetic transmission Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Genes and the Environment Teasing apart and identifying genetic and environmental influences on behavior requires q special p techniques q Heritability refers to the extent to which a characteristic is influenced by genetics Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3 Genes and the Environment • Twin-adoption studies - • the study of hereditary influences on twins, both identical and fraternal, who were raised together and apart. G Gene-by-environment b i t iinteraction t ti research – Studies hereditary influences by comparing genetic markers (specific parts of the human genome) – Involves observing the interaction of genetic differences and the environment to assess the impact on how certain behaviors are produced in some people but not others Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Epigenetics: How the Environment Changes Gene Expression Environmental events influence how and when genes are activated or deactivated Does not change g the structure,, but rather the activity of DNA Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Nervous System Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4 Organization of the Nervous System Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Organization of the Nervous System Central nervous system Peripheral p nervous system y – Brain and spinal cord – Somatic (voluntary) nervous system – Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system – Fight or flight response Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5 The Cells of the Nervous System: Glial Cells and Neurons Glial Cells – The “glue” that holds the nervous system together Ne Neurons ons – Cells that process and transmit information in the nervous system Building blocks of the nervous system Information travels within a neuron in the form of an electrical signal by action potentials Information travels between neurons via chemicals called neurotransmitters Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Structure of Neurons Soma Axon – Nucleus – Myelin sheath Dendrites Synapse – Terminal button – Synaptic cleft Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Types of Neurons Sensory neurons Motor neurons – Receive incoming sensory information – Carry commands for movement – Includes mirror neurons Interneurons – Communicate only with other neurons – By far the most common type of neuron Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6 Neural Communication: The Action Potential Action potential – Ions Resting potential Refractory period The all-or-none principle Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Communication Between Neurons: Neurotransmission Synaptic vesicles – Tiny sacs in the terminal buttons that contain neurotransmitters Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Communication Between Neurons: Neurotransmission Two ways to remove excess neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft – Enzymatic degradation – Reuptake Presynaptic neuron Postsynaptic neuron Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7 Common Neurotransmitters Copyright 2012 The McGrawMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Brain Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Evolution of the Human Brain Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8 Overview of Brain Regions Hindbrain – Medulla – Pons – Cerebellum Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Overview of Brain Regions Midbrain – Reticular formation Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Overview of Brain Regions Forebrain – Thalamus Sensory relay station S ll is Smell i the th only l sensory system that has no thalamic relay Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 9 Overview of Brain Regions Forebrain – Limbic system Hypothalamus Hi Hippocampus Amygdala Cingulate gyrus Basal ganglia Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex Cerebrum – Two hemispheres Frontal lobes T Temporal l lobes l b Parietal lobes Occipital lobes Cerebral cortex – Outer layer Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Cerebral Hemispheres The two halves of the cerebrum have different processing “styles” – Left hemisphere – analytical and focused – Right hemisphere – insight and solutions to ideas Corpus Callosum – A thick bundle of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10 Cerebral Hemispheres Language – Left hemisphere – Aphasia Broca’s area Wernicke’s area – Speech production – Speech comprehension Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Communication Between the Hemispheres Two hemispheres do not operate independently – Activity across the corpus callosum allows the hemispheres to work interdependently – Split-brain research Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Brain Plasticity and Neurogenesis Neuroplasticity Neurogenesis – Arborization – Synaptogenesis Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11 Breaking New Ground: Neurogenesis g in the Adult Brain Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. Inc. Evidence of Neuron Growth 1960s – cell division in the brains of adult rats was detected – Joseph Altman 1980s and 1990s – Neurogenesis in hippocampus Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Environmental Effects on Neuron Growth Elizabeth Gould – Complex environmental settings showed g in animals brain growth Fred “Rusty” Gage (Phineas’s cousin!) – BrdU Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 12 Measuring the Brain Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Electroencephalography EEG – Records electrical activity – Shows Sh when h brain b i activity occurs but not where – Event-related potential (ERP) Helps measure cognitive processes Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Functional MRI MRI – Uses magnetic fields to produce very finely detailed images of the structure of the human b brain i and d other th soft ft ti tissues – Shows where but not when fMRI – Variation on MRI, tells about brain activity – Tracks blood oxygen use in brain tissue Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13 Magnetic Resonance Image Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Positron Emission Tomography PET – Measures blood flow to brain areas in the active brain – Radioactive form of oxygen (glucose) is injected into participant and can be tracked Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Endocrine System Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 14 The Endocrine System System of glands that secrete and regulate hormones – – – – – – Hormones Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Pancreas Adrenal glands Catecholamines Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Bringing It All Together Making Connections in the Biology gy of Behavior: What Esref Armagan’s Story Reveals About the Brain Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. What Esref Armagan’s Story Reveals About the Brain The visual images that Armagan forms from his sense of touch activate the same region of the brain that is active when seeing people see something - the occipital lobe Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 15