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Biology EOC Review Quick Check Sheet
Unit 1 – Inquiry
Scientific Method:
-
Problem
Hypothesis
Experiment
collect data
analyze data
conclusion
Dependent vs. Independent Variables
-
Dependent is what you are looking for, what you are measuring
Independent is what you set and then does not change during experiment
Identify from graphs, charts, or explanations
Controlled Variables
Control Group
DRY MIX – graphing data
Conclusion – Does data verify (support) or refute (not support) hypothesis
Unit 2 – Biochemistry and Energy
Enzyme (Catalyst) – Speeds up Reactions
-
Identify Endergonic vs Exergonic from graphs or diagrams
Enzyme, Substrate, Enzyme-Substrate Complex, Products
Activation Energy (graphs of endergonic vs exergonic reactions)
Denaturation – temperature or pH
Organic Compounds
-
-
Carbohydrates
o Function: Primary Source of Energy
o Structure: Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide
o 4 calories
Lipids
o Function: Stored energy, cell membranes, oils and waxes
o Structure: Glycerol with fatty acids
o 9 calories
-
-
Proteins
o Function: Transport, Structure, Tissues, etc.
o Structure: Amino
o 4 calories
Nucleic Acids
o Function – Hereditary Information – DNA or RNA
o Structure: Nucleotides
o 0 calories
Unit 3 – Energy
ADP/ATP
-
ATP – high energy, stored in bond between 2nd and 3rd phosphate
ADP – low energy, 3rd phosphate has been broken off and energy was released
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
o Step 1: Light dependent reaction – makes ATP, NADPH
o Step 2: Light independent reaction (Calvin Cycle or Dark Reaction) – makes glucose
Cellular Respiration
-
Aerobic (Oxygen present)
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
o Step 1: Glycolysis – splits glucose into 2 pyruvic acids
o Step 2: Kreb’s Cycle – releases ATP from pyruvic acids
-
Anaerobic Respiration = Fermentation (no oxygen present)
C6H12O6
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy + lactic acid or alcohol
Unit 4 – Cell Structure and Transport
3 statements of Cell Theory
Identify from a diagram and know the functions of Plant and Animal Cell Organelles – nucleus,
mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosome, vacuole, ribosome, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi apparatus, cilia,
flagellum, cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm
Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
-
Eukaryote has organelles, nucleus
Prokaryote has no membrane-bound organelles
Passive Transport – no energy required – along concentration gradient from high to low
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Diffusion – along concentration gradient from high to low concentration
Facilitated Diffusion – diffusion aided by a membrane protein
Osmosis – movement of WATER from high to low concentration
Homeostasis - maintain an internal balance of water, salts, etc.
-
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Active Transport – requires energy – against concentration gradient from low to high
-
Endocytosis – large particles move into cell
Exocytosis – large particles move out of the cell
Unit 5 – Cell Reproduction
Cell Cycle
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G1 – cells grows up
S – DNA is copied (DNA replication) to make double set of chromosomes(46 to 92) - (also called
interphase)
G2 – cells prepare to divide
M – Cell division (mitosis or meiosis)
Mitosis – Asexual Reproduction – Diploid Cell splits into 2 identical Diploid Cells
-
1 cell with 46 chromosomes makes 2 cells with 46 chromosomes
Occurs in Body Cells
Identify phases from a diagram - Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Cytokinesis – Plant vs. Animal Cell
Cell Regulation and Cancer
-
Internal vs. External Signals
Uncontrolled mitosis – Cancer
Meiosis – Sexual Reproduction – Diploid Cell splits into 4 different Haploid Cells
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1 cell with 46 chromosomes makes 4 cells with 23 chromosomes (gametes)
Occurs in Sex Cells (Eggs or Sperm)
Identify phases from a diagram - Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II,
Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Crossing Over – homologous chromosomes so close during prophase I that pieces of
chromosomes switch, increasing genetic variation
Cell Differentiation
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Stem Cells – undifferentiated – all cells are identical
DNA activation – differentiation – certain DNA in certain cells “turns on”, making cells become
different and specialized
Unit 6 – DNA Structure, Replication, and Protein Synthesis
Nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, base) – building block of DNA/RNA
DNA structure
-
Double Stranded
Deoxyribose Sugar
Adenine – Thymine, Cytosine-Guanine
RNA structure
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Single Stranded
Ribose Sugar
Uracil replaces Thymine
DNA vs. Chromosome vs. Gene
-
DNA total genetic info for a cell
Chromosome – chunks of DNA that split apart during cell reproduction
Gene – section of a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
DNA Replication
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Helicase splits DNA down the middle
DNA polymerase adds new bases to both sides
Make 2 identical strands of DNA
Occurs during S of Cell Cycle – during interphase, to double the DNA
Protein Synthesis
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-
DNA to RNA to protein
Recognize phases from diagrams
Step 1 Transcription – DNA to RNA – “make copy of recipe in the library”
o Helicase splits DNA down the middle
o RNA polymerase adds bases to both sides to form mRNA
o mRNA leaves nucleus to go to cytoplasm, DNA closes back up unchanged
Step 2 Translation – RNA to protein (pg 6) – “chef reads recipe to make dish”
o rRNA (ribosome) attaches to mRNA on 1st codon (3 bases)
o tRNA with amino acid attaches – anticodon pairs with codon (opposite 3 bases)
o ribosome moves to next codon
o next tRNA moves in
o amino acids attach
o continues until entire mRNA has been read, amino acids form chain that is the ne
protein or polypeptide
o Use Amino Acid Chart to determine correct amino acids from mRNA codons
DNA code
TTA
ATT
CCG
GGC
CAT
mRNA codon
AAU
UAA
GGC
CCG
GUA
tRNA codon
UUA
AUU
CCG
GGC
CAU
amino acid
Asp
Stop
Gly
Pro
Val
(Using amino acid chart)
Unit 7 – Genetics
Mendel’s Laws
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Pea Plant Experiments (P generation, F1 generation, F2 generation)
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Law of Dominance – the dominant allele (T) will completely mask the recessive (t) when
inherited together
o Genotype vs. Phenotype
 Genotype is genes inherited, shown by letters: BB, Gg, tt, etc.
 Phenotype is physical trait: black, green, short, etc.
o Homozygous vs. Heterozygous
 Homozygous – same alleles – BB, TT, RR
 Heterozygous – different alleles – Bb, Tt, Rr
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Law of Segregation - alleles for a trait separate before being passed down
Law of Independent Assortment – alleles for different traits are passed down separately
Monohybrid Cross – crossing alleles for one trait to determine the probable inheritance of the traits by
the offspring
-
Example: Rr parent crossed with Rr parent
(R - red completely dominant over r - white)
R
r
-
R
r
RR
Rr
Rr
rr
Genotype:
¼ (25%) RR
½ (50%) Rr
¼ (25%) rr
Phenotype:
¾ (75%) red (RR, Rr)
¼ (25%) white (rr)
Dihybrid Cross – crossing alleles for two traits to determine the probable inheritance of the traits by the
offspring
-
Example: RrTt parent crossed with RrTt parent
(R-red completely dominant over r-white)
(T-tall completely dominant over t-short)
Example: RrTt x RrTt
Possible gametes: RT, Rt, rT, rt
RT
RRTT
RRTt
RrTT
RrTt
RT
Rt
rT
rt
Rt
RRTt
RRtt
RrTt
Rrtt
rT
RrTT
RrTt
rrTT
rrTt
rt
RrTt
Rrtt
rrTt
rrtt
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Genotypes
1/16 RRTT, 2/16 RRTt, 1/16 RRtt,2/16 RrTT, 4/16 RrTt, 2/16 Rrtt, 1/16 rrTT, 2/16 rrTt, 1/16 rrtt
Phenotypes:
9/16 - Red, tall (RRTT, RrTT, RRTt, RrTt)
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3/16 - Red, short (RRtt, Rrtt)
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3/16 - White, tall (rrTT, rrTt)
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1/16 - White, short (rrtt)
Incomplete Dominance – dominant and recessive traits are blended in the heterozygote
-
Example: Rr parent crossed with Rr parent
(R - red completely dominant over r - white)
R
r
-
R
r
RR
Rr
Rr
rr
Genotype:
¼ (25%) RR
½ (50%) Rr
¼ (25%) rr
Phenotype:
¼ (25%) red (RR)
½ (25%) pink (Rr) - blend
¼ (25%) white (rr)
Codominance - dominant and recessive traits are both expressed in the heterozygote
-
Example: Rr parent crossed with Rr parent
(R - red completely dominant over r - white)
R
r
-
R
r
RR
Rr
Rr
rr
Genotype:
¼ (25%) RR
½ (50%) Rr
¼ (25%) rr
Phenotype:
¼ (25%) red (RR)
½ (25%) red and white spots (Rr) - both show
¼ (25%) white (rr)
Multiple Alleles – more than 2 alleles for a trait
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Blood Types:
o Type A, IAIA or IAi
o Type B, IBIB or IBi
o Type AB, IAIB
o Type O, ii
-
Example: A heterozygous Type A (IAi) man has a child with a heterozygous Type B (IBi) woman.
What blood types could their child inherit?
IB
i
-
IA
i
IAIB
IAi
IBi
ii
Genotype:
¼ (25%) IAIB
¼ (25%) IBi
¼ (25%) IAi
¼ (25%) ii
Phenotype:
¼ (25%) Type AB (IAIB)
¼ (25%) Type B (IBi)
¼ (25%) Type A (IAi)
¼ (25%) Type O (ii)
Sex-Linked Traits – on the X chromosome
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XX makes female
XY makes male – traits affect males more because only have one X chromosome
Example: A colorblind male (XcY) marries a woman who is a carrier for the trait(XCXc). What
are the chances they will have a child who is colorblind?
XC
Xc
-
Xc
Y
XCXc
XcXc
XCY
XcY
Genotype:
¼ (25%) XCXc
¼ (25%) XcXc
¼ (25%) XCY
¼ (25%) XcY
Phenotype:
¼ (25%) XCXc (daughter who carries the trait)
¼ (25%) XcXc (colorblind daughter)
¼ (25%) XCY (son with normal vision)
¼ (25%) XcY (colorblind son)
Pedigrees
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Squares are males, Circles are females
Darkened shape has the trait, clear shape is unaffected
Dominant – see individuals of both sexes at all generations with trait
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Recessive – few individuals have trait, often skips generations
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Sex-Linked Recessive – affects more males than females
Unit 8– Evolution
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Evolution – change in allele frequency over time
Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction – increasing genetic variation and survivability (pg 2)
Speciation and Gene Pool –
Natural Selection
o Genetic Variation
 Increase by:
 Genetic Drift (Random)
 Gene Flow (Migration)
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-
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 Non-random mating
 Mutations
 Genetic Recombination (Crossing Over)
o Struggle for Existence (Environmental Challenges)
o Survival of Fittest (Fit – ability to survive and have offspring)
o Descent with modification
Patterns of Evolution
o Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium
o Divergent vs. Convergent Evolution
o Coevolution
o Extinction
Evidences of Evolution
o Biochemistry – DNA and Protein Sequences
o Fossil Record
o Homologous Structures
o Vestigial Structures
o Embryology
Evolutionary Histories – Phylogenetic Trees
Unit 9 - Ecology
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Food chain vs. Food Web
o Flow of energy – arrows point in direction of energy flow
o Producers vs. consumers
Pyramids
o Energy Pyramid – 100%, 10%, 1%, etc., Calories
o Pyramid of Numbers
o Biomass Pyramid – Mass, Kg, metric tons, etc.
Interactions
o Competition – one more, one less successful at getting resources
o
Predator/Prey – populations rise and fall in response to each other
o
Symbiosis – live together
 Mutualism - +/+ - both benefit
 Commensialism - +/0 – one benefits, one doesn’t care
 Parasitism - +/- - one benefits, one is harmed
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Limiting Factors – limit population growth
o Density Dependent – depends on population size – food, water, shelter
o Density Independent – does not depend on population size – natural disaster
Population Growth
o Exponential Growth – no limiting factors – J-shaped curve
o
-
-
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Logistic – limiting factors limit population to carrying capacity – max number that
ecosystem can support
Succession – soil formation over time allows for more/larger plant species
o Primary – no soil present – pioneer species root and start process
o Secondary – soil present
Ecosystem Cycling – nutrients
o Carbon Cycle – photosynthesis, cellular respiration, industry
o Nitrogen Cycle – most N2 in atmosphere, lightning and bacteria fix Nitrogen for
consumption by organisms
o Water Cycle – transpiration
Ecosystem Changes/Maintenance
o Ozone Layer Depletion and UV rays
o Greenhouse Effect
 Carbon Dioxide, methane are green house gases
 Trap heat and naturally warm the earth
Amount of
CO2 in the
atmosphere
Greenhouse
effect
higher
lower
increases
decreases
o
Average
Global
Temperatur
e
increases
decreases
Plant cover
on Earth
Rate of
photosynthe
sis
increases
decreases
increases
decreases
Amount of
CO2
absorbed by
plants
increases
decreases
Amount of
CO2 in the
atmosphere
decreases
increases
Waste Disposal – broken down and cycled through Water, Carbon, Nitrogen Cycles