* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download EOC Study Checklist
Epigenetics in stem-cell differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Dominance (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Biology EOC Review Quick Check Sheet Unit 1 – Inquiry Scientific Method: - Problem Hypothesis Experiment collect data analyze data conclusion Dependent vs. Independent Variables - Dependent is what you are looking for, what you are measuring Independent is what you set and then does not change during experiment Identify from graphs, charts, or explanations Controlled Variables Control Group DRY MIX – graphing data Conclusion – Does data verify (support) or refute (not support) hypothesis Unit 2 – Biochemistry and Energy Enzyme (Catalyst) – Speeds up Reactions - Identify Endergonic vs Exergonic from graphs or diagrams Enzyme, Substrate, Enzyme-Substrate Complex, Products Activation Energy (graphs of endergonic vs exergonic reactions) Denaturation – temperature or pH Organic Compounds - - Carbohydrates o Function: Primary Source of Energy o Structure: Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide o 4 calories Lipids o Function: Stored energy, cell membranes, oils and waxes o Structure: Glycerol with fatty acids o 9 calories - - Proteins o Function: Transport, Structure, Tissues, etc. o Structure: Amino o 4 calories Nucleic Acids o Function – Hereditary Information – DNA or RNA o Structure: Nucleotides o 0 calories Unit 3 – Energy ADP/ATP - ATP – high energy, stored in bond between 2nd and 3rd phosphate ADP – low energy, 3rd phosphate has been broken off and energy was released Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 o Step 1: Light dependent reaction – makes ATP, NADPH o Step 2: Light independent reaction (Calvin Cycle or Dark Reaction) – makes glucose Cellular Respiration - Aerobic (Oxygen present) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy o Step 1: Glycolysis – splits glucose into 2 pyruvic acids o Step 2: Kreb’s Cycle – releases ATP from pyruvic acids - Anaerobic Respiration = Fermentation (no oxygen present) C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy + lactic acid or alcohol Unit 4 – Cell Structure and Transport 3 statements of Cell Theory Identify from a diagram and know the functions of Plant and Animal Cell Organelles – nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosome, vacuole, ribosome, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi apparatus, cilia, flagellum, cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm Prokaryote vs Eukaryote - Eukaryote has organelles, nucleus Prokaryote has no membrane-bound organelles Passive Transport – no energy required – along concentration gradient from high to low - Diffusion – along concentration gradient from high to low concentration Facilitated Diffusion – diffusion aided by a membrane protein Osmosis – movement of WATER from high to low concentration Homeostasis - maintain an internal balance of water, salts, etc. - Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic Active Transport – requires energy – against concentration gradient from low to high - Endocytosis – large particles move into cell Exocytosis – large particles move out of the cell Unit 5 – Cell Reproduction Cell Cycle - G1 – cells grows up S – DNA is copied (DNA replication) to make double set of chromosomes(46 to 92) - (also called interphase) G2 – cells prepare to divide M – Cell division (mitosis or meiosis) Mitosis – Asexual Reproduction – Diploid Cell splits into 2 identical Diploid Cells - 1 cell with 46 chromosomes makes 2 cells with 46 chromosomes Occurs in Body Cells Identify phases from a diagram - Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Cytokinesis – Plant vs. Animal Cell Cell Regulation and Cancer - Internal vs. External Signals Uncontrolled mitosis – Cancer Meiosis – Sexual Reproduction – Diploid Cell splits into 4 different Haploid Cells - 1 cell with 46 chromosomes makes 4 cells with 23 chromosomes (gametes) Occurs in Sex Cells (Eggs or Sperm) Identify phases from a diagram - Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II Crossing Over – homologous chromosomes so close during prophase I that pieces of chromosomes switch, increasing genetic variation Cell Differentiation - Stem Cells – undifferentiated – all cells are identical DNA activation – differentiation – certain DNA in certain cells “turns on”, making cells become different and specialized Unit 6 – DNA Structure, Replication, and Protein Synthesis Nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, base) – building block of DNA/RNA DNA structure - Double Stranded Deoxyribose Sugar Adenine – Thymine, Cytosine-Guanine RNA structure - Single Stranded Ribose Sugar Uracil replaces Thymine DNA vs. Chromosome vs. Gene - DNA total genetic info for a cell Chromosome – chunks of DNA that split apart during cell reproduction Gene – section of a chromosome that codes for a specific trait DNA Replication - Helicase splits DNA down the middle DNA polymerase adds new bases to both sides Make 2 identical strands of DNA Occurs during S of Cell Cycle – during interphase, to double the DNA Protein Synthesis - - DNA to RNA to protein Recognize phases from diagrams Step 1 Transcription – DNA to RNA – “make copy of recipe in the library” o Helicase splits DNA down the middle o RNA polymerase adds bases to both sides to form mRNA o mRNA leaves nucleus to go to cytoplasm, DNA closes back up unchanged Step 2 Translation – RNA to protein (pg 6) – “chef reads recipe to make dish” o rRNA (ribosome) attaches to mRNA on 1st codon (3 bases) o tRNA with amino acid attaches – anticodon pairs with codon (opposite 3 bases) o ribosome moves to next codon o next tRNA moves in o amino acids attach o continues until entire mRNA has been read, amino acids form chain that is the ne protein or polypeptide o Use Amino Acid Chart to determine correct amino acids from mRNA codons DNA code TTA ATT CCG GGC CAT mRNA codon AAU UAA GGC CCG GUA tRNA codon UUA AUU CCG GGC CAU amino acid Asp Stop Gly Pro Val (Using amino acid chart) Unit 7 – Genetics Mendel’s Laws - Pea Plant Experiments (P generation, F1 generation, F2 generation) - Law of Dominance – the dominant allele (T) will completely mask the recessive (t) when inherited together o Genotype vs. Phenotype Genotype is genes inherited, shown by letters: BB, Gg, tt, etc. Phenotype is physical trait: black, green, short, etc. o Homozygous vs. Heterozygous Homozygous – same alleles – BB, TT, RR Heterozygous – different alleles – Bb, Tt, Rr - Law of Segregation - alleles for a trait separate before being passed down Law of Independent Assortment – alleles for different traits are passed down separately Monohybrid Cross – crossing alleles for one trait to determine the probable inheritance of the traits by the offspring - Example: Rr parent crossed with Rr parent (R - red completely dominant over r - white) R r - R r RR Rr Rr rr Genotype: ¼ (25%) RR ½ (50%) Rr ¼ (25%) rr Phenotype: ¾ (75%) red (RR, Rr) ¼ (25%) white (rr) Dihybrid Cross – crossing alleles for two traits to determine the probable inheritance of the traits by the offspring - Example: RrTt parent crossed with RrTt parent (R-red completely dominant over r-white) (T-tall completely dominant over t-short) Example: RrTt x RrTt Possible gametes: RT, Rt, rT, rt RT RRTT RRTt RrTT RrTt RT Rt rT rt Rt RRTt RRtt RrTt Rrtt rT RrTT RrTt rrTT rrTt rt RrTt Rrtt rrTt rrtt - Genotypes 1/16 RRTT, 2/16 RRTt, 1/16 RRtt,2/16 RrTT, 4/16 RrTt, 2/16 Rrtt, 1/16 rrTT, 2/16 rrTt, 1/16 rrtt Phenotypes: 9/16 - Red, tall (RRTT, RrTT, RRTt, RrTt) - 3/16 - Red, short (RRtt, Rrtt) - 3/16 - White, tall (rrTT, rrTt) - 1/16 - White, short (rrtt) Incomplete Dominance – dominant and recessive traits are blended in the heterozygote - Example: Rr parent crossed with Rr parent (R - red completely dominant over r - white) R r - R r RR Rr Rr rr Genotype: ¼ (25%) RR ½ (50%) Rr ¼ (25%) rr Phenotype: ¼ (25%) red (RR) ½ (25%) pink (Rr) - blend ¼ (25%) white (rr) Codominance - dominant and recessive traits are both expressed in the heterozygote - Example: Rr parent crossed with Rr parent (R - red completely dominant over r - white) R r - R r RR Rr Rr rr Genotype: ¼ (25%) RR ½ (50%) Rr ¼ (25%) rr Phenotype: ¼ (25%) red (RR) ½ (25%) red and white spots (Rr) - both show ¼ (25%) white (rr) Multiple Alleles – more than 2 alleles for a trait - Blood Types: o Type A, IAIA or IAi o Type B, IBIB or IBi o Type AB, IAIB o Type O, ii - Example: A heterozygous Type A (IAi) man has a child with a heterozygous Type B (IBi) woman. What blood types could their child inherit? IB i - IA i IAIB IAi IBi ii Genotype: ¼ (25%) IAIB ¼ (25%) IBi ¼ (25%) IAi ¼ (25%) ii Phenotype: ¼ (25%) Type AB (IAIB) ¼ (25%) Type B (IBi) ¼ (25%) Type A (IAi) ¼ (25%) Type O (ii) Sex-Linked Traits – on the X chromosome - XX makes female XY makes male – traits affect males more because only have one X chromosome Example: A colorblind male (XcY) marries a woman who is a carrier for the trait(XCXc). What are the chances they will have a child who is colorblind? XC Xc - Xc Y XCXc XcXc XCY XcY Genotype: ¼ (25%) XCXc ¼ (25%) XcXc ¼ (25%) XCY ¼ (25%) XcY Phenotype: ¼ (25%) XCXc (daughter who carries the trait) ¼ (25%) XcXc (colorblind daughter) ¼ (25%) XCY (son with normal vision) ¼ (25%) XcY (colorblind son) Pedigrees - Squares are males, Circles are females Darkened shape has the trait, clear shape is unaffected Dominant – see individuals of both sexes at all generations with trait - Recessive – few individuals have trait, often skips generations - Sex-Linked Recessive – affects more males than females Unit 8– Evolution - Evolution – change in allele frequency over time Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction – increasing genetic variation and survivability (pg 2) Speciation and Gene Pool – Natural Selection o Genetic Variation Increase by: Genetic Drift (Random) Gene Flow (Migration) - - - Non-random mating Mutations Genetic Recombination (Crossing Over) o Struggle for Existence (Environmental Challenges) o Survival of Fittest (Fit – ability to survive and have offspring) o Descent with modification Patterns of Evolution o Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium o Divergent vs. Convergent Evolution o Coevolution o Extinction Evidences of Evolution o Biochemistry – DNA and Protein Sequences o Fossil Record o Homologous Structures o Vestigial Structures o Embryology Evolutionary Histories – Phylogenetic Trees Unit 9 - Ecology - - - Food chain vs. Food Web o Flow of energy – arrows point in direction of energy flow o Producers vs. consumers Pyramids o Energy Pyramid – 100%, 10%, 1%, etc., Calories o Pyramid of Numbers o Biomass Pyramid – Mass, Kg, metric tons, etc. Interactions o Competition – one more, one less successful at getting resources o Predator/Prey – populations rise and fall in response to each other o Symbiosis – live together Mutualism - +/+ - both benefit Commensialism - +/0 – one benefits, one doesn’t care Parasitism - +/- - one benefits, one is harmed - - Limiting Factors – limit population growth o Density Dependent – depends on population size – food, water, shelter o Density Independent – does not depend on population size – natural disaster Population Growth o Exponential Growth – no limiting factors – J-shaped curve o - - - Logistic – limiting factors limit population to carrying capacity – max number that ecosystem can support Succession – soil formation over time allows for more/larger plant species o Primary – no soil present – pioneer species root and start process o Secondary – soil present Ecosystem Cycling – nutrients o Carbon Cycle – photosynthesis, cellular respiration, industry o Nitrogen Cycle – most N2 in atmosphere, lightning and bacteria fix Nitrogen for consumption by organisms o Water Cycle – transpiration Ecosystem Changes/Maintenance o Ozone Layer Depletion and UV rays o Greenhouse Effect Carbon Dioxide, methane are green house gases Trap heat and naturally warm the earth Amount of CO2 in the atmosphere Greenhouse effect higher lower increases decreases o Average Global Temperatur e increases decreases Plant cover on Earth Rate of photosynthe sis increases decreases increases decreases Amount of CO2 absorbed by plants increases decreases Amount of CO2 in the atmosphere decreases increases Waste Disposal – broken down and cycled through Water, Carbon, Nitrogen Cycles