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Principles of Learning: Classical and Operant Conditioning, and Social Learning Psychology I Mrs. Hart Behaviorism and Learning • Behaviorism is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning, and that these behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. • Only observable behaviors are studied, as thoughts, emotions, and moods are too subjective. Behaviorism and Learning • Learning is a permanent change in a behavioral tendency that results from experience. • Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Classical Conditioning • Discovered by Ivan Pavlov • Occurs though associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. • Conducted experiments using dogs to test his theories. Classical Conditioning: The Process • • • • • Neutral stimulus Unconditioned stimulus (US) Unconditioned response (UR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned response (CR) Example • • • • • A young child who reaches out and touches a hot stove with a light on above it, is burned and cries. Afterwards, every time she sees the stove light on, she whimpers. NS: US: UR: CS: CR: Example Answers • • • • • NS: light on over the stove US: hot stove with light on over it UR: crying CS: stove with light on over it CR: whimpering Principles of Classical Conditioning • Acquisition – response happens gradually • Generalization – response is similar to a range of similar stimuli • Discrimination – response is different to similar stimuli • Extinction – gradual disappearance of a conditioned response • Spontaneous recovery – reappearance of a conditioned response to conditioned stimulus Operant Conditioning • Theory put forth by B.F. Skinner that explained how we acquire a range of learned behaviors exhibited each day. • Type of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. • Association is made between a behavior and a specific consequence for the behavior. • Uses reinforcement to teach or change desired behavior. Reinforcement • A stimulus, positive or negative, that follows a response and increases the likelihood the response is repeated. Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Schedule of Reinforcement • Continuous – reinforcer is received each time a participant shows desired behavior. • Partial – rewards are given for some responses, but not each response, every time. fixed ratio schedule variable ratio schedule fixed interval schedule variable interval schedule https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teLoN YvOf90 Shaping • Calculated reinforcement of behavior • Rewards for old behavior discontinued as progress is made towards new desired behavior. • Skinner’s experiments with rats (Skinner Box) Chaining • Behavior chains are a part of almost everything we do, eating, getting dressed, etc. • Each “link” of a chain serves as a signal for the next step or action in the chain. • Chaining is the reinforcement of successive elements of a behavior chain. Social Learning • Occurs when an individual observes and imitates the behavior of others. • Classified as either cognitive (latent or learned helplessness) or modeling. Cognitive Learning • Focuses on how information is obtained, processed, and organized • Concerned with mental processes in learning. • Latent learning: “hidden learning” that’s only obvious when a reward is offered; not immediately observable. • Learned helplessness: after several failed attempts at something, the belief that the situation is uncontrollable. Modeling • Copying what other’s are doing, although no real learning takes place (We see, so we do.) • Imitation after watching someone do something, that the observer couldn’t do before. • Disinhibition occurs when an observer sees a someone engage in a threatening activity without being punished, then engages in the same behavior his or herself. Behavior Modification • Application of learning principles to change someone’s actions and feelings. • Modeling, operant conditioning, and classical conditioning are all used in behavior modification. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fOFlT2opl YA