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How does probability relate to genetics? Pair of genes from mom Pair of genes from dad P=head=dominant gene (purple) p=tail=recessive gene (white) ***Both parents are heterozygous 1) Toss the coins together. They can only turn up-PP, Pp, pp 2) Remember: each coin represents each parent and each toss can only turn up one way, therefore, a parent can give only one gene of a pair. 3) Toss the coins 50 times and record under “tally” on the data chart. 4) Determine the percentage and record under experimental probability on your data chart. Terms True-breeding: Hybrid: Law of segregation: Gene: Allele: Homozygous: Heterozygous Phenotype: Genotype: Dominant Allele: Recessive Allele: hew06_int_mendelinherit.webloc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBezq1fFUEA Pause at 7 min Fozzles What are the phenotypes/genotypes of each offspring in F2 Generation? What did you notice about the ratio of racers to casters for offspring of the F2 generation? How can we relate this back to Mendel's Experiment using purple and white coloured flowers? Punnett Squares A diagram used to _________ the ___________ of genotypes in the offspring, resulting from a cross between two individuals PROBABILITY **** -- a measure of the _________ that an event will happen. Speedy + Sammie PR GR Fred + Frankie GR: PR: Test Crosses Used to determine if an individual exhibiting a dominant trait is ______________ or _________________. How would we do this? Practice The round pea seed allele (R) is dominant, while the wrinkled pea seed allele (r) is recessive. A heterozygous, round pea seed plant is crossed with a wrinkle-seeded pea plant. Use a Punnett square to solve the following: Determine the predicted genotype ratio of the offspring Determine the predicted phenotype ratio of the offspring If this cross produced 50 plants, how many plants would you predict would be wrinkleseeded pea plants? Humans who have an abnormally high level of cholesterol are said to suffer from familial hypercholesterolemia. The gene for this disorder is dominant (C). A man who is heterozygous for familial hypoercholesterolemia marries a woman who is homozygous for the recessive allele. What is the probability that they will have children that suffer from this disorder. Albinism, lack of pigmentation in humans, results from an autosomal recessive gene designated (a). Two parents with normal pigmentation have an albino child. What is the probability that their next child will be albino? What is the probability that the next child will be an albino girl? Dihybrid Crosses What happens when more than one characteristic is involved in a cross? Dihybrid Cross--> Law of Independent assortment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIGXTJLrLf8&spfreload=10 Mendel's Dihybrid Cross Dihybrid Crosses 7. An allele is a form of a gene. In a dihybrid cross HhSs x hhss, how many alleles does a kitten inherit from the mother? _______ 8. How many alleles does a kitten inherit from the father? _______. 9. Gametes, which are sex cells, carry the alleles. Why must a gamete carry one allele (represented by a letter) from each gene? Meaning, why can’t a gamete carry an “hh” instead of an “hs” or an “Hh” instead of a “HS?” Dihybrid Crosses Bernard really likes growing peas in his garden, but the peas he likes are green. He also likes them to have a wrinkled texture, because he thinks they look much more interesting that way. Please work out a YyRr x YyRr (heterozygous cross) Genotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: What is the chance that Bernard will have pea plant offspring that match the phenotype he is looking for (green, wrinkled)? If Bernard did not receive any pea plants that were green and wrinkled in actuality, would you know for sure that the parent genotypes were incorrect? Why or why not? The Product Rule Each allele is _______________ of the other, and no two alleles are __________ to each other When two events are ____________ of each other, the probability that both events will occur can be calculated using the ___________ ________ The probability of two or more outcomes occurring is equal to the product of their individual probabilities What is the probability of giving birth to two boys? Determine the probability that a plant of genotype CcWw will be produced from the following cross: CcWw x Ccww