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Running Head: COGNITIVE THEORIES
Cognitive Theories
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COGNITIVE THEORIES
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Cognitive Theories.
Moral behavior of a person tend to evolve and usually change with the person perception
or action. The moral behavior of a person become a moral rule when it is displayed by the
various members of the society in a specific occasion. Therefore a set of moral rules set the
ethical code of the society of which the business code is part of it. When it comes to perspective,
there various different approaches associated with the certain assumptions about the human
behavior. These approaches look into the functions, what are aspect are worthy of study as well
as the research method in taking the study. As much as there different theories, they have
different approaches but all share a common assumptions.
There are several perspective of psychology and they all have different approaches to
whether wrong or right. All the perspective have their own weaknesses and strengths which help
in bringing in human behavior. It is therefore important that psychologist to use different
perspectives in understand of human behavior as well as the animal behavior. Behaviorist
Perspective is different from the other approaches since it views people as they are controlled by
the environment and especially what they learn from the environment they are in at that moment.
Behavior have two different approach proposals, where people learn from the
environment as mentioned above. The two approaches include: classical conditioning and
operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves the learning of association while operant is
learning the various consequences of a behavior. Classical conditioning was studied by Ivan
Pavlov who is a Russian psychologist. He looked into the neutral stimuli and reflexes which
essentially manage the salivating of a dog when there are sound of bells which is repeated where
when the bell rings, they are associated with food. The principles of classical conditioning have
been used in various therapies such as the systematic desensitization for vision and phobia.
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Operation conditioning has been investigated by B.F Skinner for involuntary and
voluntary behavior. He felt that a behavior can be explained based on a person motive. Hence a
behavior occurs for a reason with three remaining behavior that shape the uniqueness of a
person. The three behavior include: negative reinforcement, punishment and negative
reinforcement. Behavior also believe in scientific methods used in observing and studying the
behavior as an objective measure.
It also rejects the idea that people have the free will and is for the idea that people are
shaped by the environment they are in at a particular moment. Behavior is therefore a scientific
method used in the study of behavior based on the reducing the learning of Stimulus Response.
Though behavior has been criticized for under estimating the human behavior complexity since
many animals have been used in generalizing human behavior and not explain it into details. For
instance the speed at which we take in learning a new language hence biological factors must be
involved.
Cognitive psychology
Wilhelm Wundt institutionalized psychology as a science is a science laboratory and soon
he was followed by American and Europeans as well. The early laboratories as much as they
were doing experiments, they were testing the sensory reception as well as the memory of the
human brain. Wilhelm believed that the brain was closely related with the processes of the brain.
This movement involved philosophers who had built their name in psychology and include
famous people such as Plato and Aristotle and today this approach is better known as cognitive
psychology. Cognitive psychology revolves around the notion that we know what make people
tick by figuring actually what is going in the mind of the people.
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Psychologist study cognition from this perspective through a mental act that processes the
knowledge that is acquired. The perspective of the cognitive is therefore concerned with mental
functions such as attention, memory and perception. It basically view people from the
perspective of the computer where they process the information in input – output manner. For
instance the human brain works like a computer in that it processes information store it, input
and output in the required procedure.
This process of information processing have made cognitive psychologists to explain
that the memory is comprised of three stages which include: encoding where the information is
received and adhered to. Storage is the next stage where the information is retained and the final
process if the retrieval process where the information is recalled. This is a scientific approach
that is uses laboratory experiments on the behavior of human beings. Cognitive approach has
various application which include: eyewitness testimony and cognitive therapy.
In conclusion the different perspective in psychology explain the different behaviors and
the angle to look or handle them from. All the perspective seem to have almost the same
explanatory and do not have much major difference. The different psychology type at time
though contradict each other, overlap or even building each other up making us understand the
and come up with solutions that are creative healthy for both mind and body. Even though the
different perspective are complex, they are rich in human behavior. For instance cognitive and
scientific approaches tend to ignore various subjective that people experience. A humanist
approach on the other hand will recognize the human experience and to some extend it is to the
expense of the nonscientific methods that have the ability to provide evidence. For instance the
psychodynamic theory tend to rely much in the unconscious human mind as well as child hood.
This make it lose on socialization and free will.
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References
Cervone, D., & Pervin, L. (2013). Personality (1st ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Cervone, D., & Pervin, L. Personality.