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BIOLOGY 3 STUDY GUIDE This study guide is intended to assist you in preparing for your lecture exam. It does not cover all possible exam material. See your class notes and lecture text (readings are outlined in your syllabus), and assigned readings. On the final you are not responsible for assigned readings from exams 1 and 2. CELL REPRODUCTION: MITOSIS & MEIOSIS – What is the term for bacterial cell division? What happens when a bacterial cell divides? What molecules make up a Eukaryote chromosome? What is a centromere, sister chromatid, and telomere? How can two meters of DNA fit into a single cell? How many DNA molecules are in a chromosome just before mitosis? How many DNA molecules are in a chromosome just after mitosis? What type of cell division do organisms use to grow and heal? What happens during interphase? What are the major steps of mitosis and what happens in each? Where on the chromosome do spindle fibers attach? What is the end result of mitosis? What is the end result of cytokinesis? What type of cell division is required for sexual reproduction? How is meiosis different from mitosis? What are the major steps in meiosis and what happens in each? What is a diploid cell and how is it different from a haploid cell? What does crossing over do? What organisms must use meiosis? What is the alternative to sexual reproduction? What is the advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction? GENETICS - What is the difference between particulate and blending models of inheritance? How are the predictions of particulate and blending models different? What is the difference between an organism's genotype and phenotype? What determines an organism’s phenotype? Understand how simple Mendelian traits are passed from parents to offspring. Define “dominant”, “recessive”, “heterozygous”, “homozygous”, and “hemizygous”. What are autosomes? What is a sex chromosome? What genes are on the X-chromosome? What genes are on the Y-chromosome? Which has more genes; the X-chromosome or the Y-chromosome? What is meant by "sex linkage"? How are sex-linked traits passed from parents to offspring? Can women express a sex-linked trait? You should be able to do both classical (or Mendelian) genetics problems and sex-linked genetics problems. Be sure you can tell the difference between classical genetics problems and sex-linked problems. What happens when a fertilized egg winds up with the wrong number of autosomes? What happens when a fertilized egg winds up with the wrong number of sex chromosomes? Do different species have the same number of chromosomes? Is it true that more complex organisms have more chromosomes? MOLECULAR GENETICS – How do we know that DNA and not protein is the hereditary material? What is the structure of DNA? How is DNA copied? When in the cell cycle is DNA copied? How is information stored in DNA? How many different nucleotides (or “letters”) make up the genetic alphabet? How many nucleotides are in each codon (or “word”) in a gene? What does a codon stand for? What are the steps in building proteins using the information stored in DNA? Where in the cell does each step occur? What does messenger RNA (mRNA) do? What does transfer RNA (tRNA) do? What are mutations? How does a mutation in DNA influence the protein that a gene codes for? What is recombinant DNA? How is recombinant DNA made? Why would you want to move DNA from one organism to another? What are some of the benefits of recombinant DNA technology? What are some of the dangers of recombinant DNA technology to the environment? NATURAL SELECTION – What is the biological meaning of “evolution”? Can an individual evolve? How is natural selection different from evolution? What are the four basic tenets of natural selection? What is directional selection and what impact does it have on a population? What is stabilizing selection and what impact does it have on a population? What is diversifying selection and what impact does it have on a population? What are the key attributes of natural selection, artificial selection, kin selection, and sexual selection? How are natural selection, artificial selection, kin selection, and sexual selection different? How are they similar? What are some ways that evolution can occur without any selection? What is the ultimate source of all genetic variation? What effects might a mutation have on an individual? DIVERSITY OF LIFE - What characteristics separate life from the non-living world? What is the basic unit of life? What are the major types of cells on Earth? How are they different? How are they similar? What is the taxonomic hierarchy and how does it work? Which levels of the taxonomic hierarchy comprise an organism’s scientific name? How is a scientific name written? What is a species? What types of living things are in each of the 3 domains and six kingdoms discussed? What characteristics determine an organism’s domain/kingdom? What are lichens? How does each component of a lichen benefit from the association? What important chemical do both lichens and bacteria make available to other living things? What are mycorrhizae? How does each component of mycorrhizae benefit from the association? Know the major categories of plants and animals and their characteristics. How many species of living things are there? Which groups have the most species? GLOBAL CLIMATE - What determines global climate patterns? Why is heat input different near the equator than at the poles? What effect does this have on wet and dry zones on earth? How does the Earth's rotation influence wind patterns? What determines the earth's seasons? How do seasons differ in the northern and southern hemispheres? What is a rain shadow? How does a nearby ocean influence local climate? How does elevation influence climate? BIOME SURVEY – What is a biome? What are two major climate factors that determine the biome at a given location? What are the characteristics of each biome? What lives there? What is the climate like in each biome? What are the major challenges for living things in each biome? Which biome holds the most species? Why are grasslands especially important to humans? What factors determine whether trees grow in a particular location? What factors determine the type of aquatic “biome” found in a particular place? What are the major challenges for aquatic organisms? Which aquatic biomes hold the most species? What happens when a lake “turns over”? What is meant by the term “species diversity”? What biomes would you expect to see as you climb higher into mountains? What effect does increasing habitat isolation have on species diversity? How is species diversity influenced by habitat size? How does species diversity change with increasing elevation?