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BIOL 153L General Biology II Lab Black Hills State University Exam 1 Study Guide The Compound Light Microscope & Its Use Parts and components (i.e., microscope parts/components listed in Lab Exercise #1) Proper handling and use of microscope to avoid damage Calculations for determining magnification Cross section vs. longitudinal section vs. whole mount Dry mount vs. wet mount Dissecting scope vs. compound light microscope History related to microscope development Photosynthetic Organisms Heterotroph vs. autotroph vs. mixotroph Tree of Life as inferred from molecular genetic data • placement of plants, animals, fungi, protists, archae, bacteria on the Tree of Life • placement of photosynthesis on the Tree of life Chloroplasts as the drivers of photosynthesis • wild, free-living relatives of the chloroplast • primary origin of chloroplast as an endosymbiont • secondary "capture" and origins of chloroplasts in photosynthetic protists Unicellular vs. multicellular organisms • definitions • 'gray areas' (colonies of unicellular organisms) • examples Cyanobacteria ("blue-green algae") • placement on the Tree of Life and constituent chlorophyll pigments • toxic “algae” blooms • the genus Anabaena: round shape, filamentous colonies, heterocysts • the genus Spirulina: spiral shape, use as food additive Protists (eukaryotic 'junk drawer' on Tree of Life) Flagellate protists • the genus Euglena: shape, movement, eye spot, flagella Dinoflagellates (unicelluar protists that are often photosynthetic) • the genus Peridinium: shape, movement, multiple flagella • the genus Pfiesteria: natural history and medical/economic significance Diatoms (unicellular protist algae) • miscellaneous diatoms: shapes, use in water assessment • rock snot (aka Didymos): appearance, impacts, cause of spread Brown Algae (multicellular protist algae) • the genus Dictyota: color, shape • sodium alginate and kombu Red Algae (protist algae group that is closely related to Green Algae) • the genus Rhodymenia: color, shape, size • carrageenan, agar, and nori Green Algae (part of the Green Plants group) • the genus Chlamydomonas: shape, eyespot, chloroplast, flagella • the genus Volvox: shape, colony, juvenile spheroids • the genus Spirogyra: shape, filamentous growth, spiral chloroplast • the genus Ulva: size, shape 1 Vascular Plants (part of the Green Plants group) • general adaptations to life on land • the genus Cabomba: shape, source of air bubbles Non-photosynthetic Fungi (majority of Kingdom Fungi) • hyphae, mycelia, absorptive heterotrophs • Zycomycetes: genus Rhizopus (bread molds), spores, sporangia, hyphae • Ascomycetes: genus Penicillium (conidia) and Peziza (hymenium and asci) • Basidiomycetes: genus Coprinus, cap, stalk, gills, ring, basidia, hyphae Lichens (photosynthetic part of Kingdom Fungi) • symbiosis of cyanobacteria/green algae + fungi (be able to identify on microscope slide) • crustose vs. fructicose vs. foliose forms; thallus • scientific study of lichens Transpiration and Photosynthesis Movement of water in land plants (roots, vascular system, stem, leaves) Transpiration: definition, steps in the process, larger physiological significance Loss of water vs. accessibility of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and defense Stomata: location on plant, structure (guard cells, pore, epidermis), function in transpiration Trichomes: location on plant, possible functions related to transpiration "Tricks" plants use to reduce water loss—and their downsides in wet environments The genus Hedera: native and introduced ranges and environments; polyploidy within genus Leaf peels: method of making peels; structures observed on peels Potential impact of polyploidy on stomata size/density Results of Hedera stomatal size and density (i.e., are 2x and 4x plants different?) Stomatal conductance: definition, approaches for measurement, interpreting/graphing results Key concepts for the biochemistry of photosynthesis and respiration • light vs. dark reactions • consumption/production of carbon dioxide and production/consumption of oxygen • roles of ATP, NADPH, and starch molecules Utility of aquatic environments in studying photosynthesis and respiration The genus Hedera (ivy): shape and structure; placement on Tree of Life Function of leaf disks • justification for vacuum infiltration; reasons that disks float or sink • result of adding baking soda to solution • result of exposing disks to light Mitosis & Meiosis Stages of mitosis and what happens in each (interphase, prophase, metaphase, etc.) Terminology: chromosome, chromatid, centromere, synapsis, tetrad, reduction, cytokinesis, etc. Stages of meiosis and what happens in each Timing of and recognizing the following events during meiosis I & II • doubling of DNA and formation of sister chromatids • formation of tetrads; formation of chiasma • occurrence of crossover/recombination • reduction (number of chromosomes in each cell halved) • line up of chromosomes in center of cell • separation of homologous chromosomes • separation of sister chromatids • cytokinesis • dividing cell parts achieve haploid state • independent assortment 2 Key differences between meiosis I & II Key differences between mitosis and meiosis Location(s) where mitosis and meiosis occur in living organisms Number of daughter cells produced following mitosis and meiosis Unique daughter cells produced in meiosis and its dependence on recombination Connection of events in meiosis to Mendelian genetics Mendelian Genetics Basic concepts: genotype, phenotype, allele, heterozygotic, dominant, recessive Principle of independent assortment Conventions in writing out genotypes and phenotypes Punnett squares and how to use them Monohybrid vs. dihybrid crosses: definitions and expected phenotypic ratios Simplifying observed ratios to compare to expected ratios Approaches for comparing observed vs. expected phenotype ratios Advanced concepts: recombination, gene linkage, gametic phase (cis vs. trans) Consequences of linkage and gametic phase (cis vs. trans arrangement) for Mendelian ratios Gene Expression "Central Dogma of Molecular Biology" Terminology: DNA, RNA, transcription, translation, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, sense strand, antisense strand, codon, anticodon, amino acid, polypeptide, protein Locations of DNA replication, transcription, and translation in the cell Role of ribosomes in gene expression and their location in the cell Matching of base pairs in double-stranded DNA and RNA molecules Base pair types found in DNA vs. RNA Genetics Problems 1. If a plant is heterozygous for stem size (L = long stem allele, l = short stem allele) and for fruit color (W = white fruit allele, w = purple fruit allele), what is its genotype? 2. If the plant above had the genotype LLww, what is its phenotype? How about LlWw? 3. Two plants have the genotype BbGg, where B = big flower allele, b = little flower allele; G = green leaf allele, g = maroon leaf allele • Assuming that the flower size and leaf color genes are NOT linked together on a chromosome, what types of gametes could each plant make? 3 • Assuming flower size and leaf color genes ARE linked, that the alleles have a cis arrangement, and that no crossover between the two genes occur—what types of gametes are produced? • If instead the alleles have a trans arrangement and there is no crossover between the two linked genes, what types of gametes are produced? • If the alleles have a cis arrangement and there are crossovers between sister chromatids (only) in a cell undergoing meiosis, what types of gametes are produced? • If the alleles have a cis arrangement and there is one (and only one) crossover between linked genes on adjacent non-sister chromatids during meiosis, what types of gametes are produced? 4. Make a Punnett Square for the monohybrid cross involving parents with the genotype Bb. What is the expected phenotypic and genotypic ratio for this cross? 5. Make a Punnett Square for a dihybrid cross involving parents with the genotype BbGg. What is the expected phenotypic ratio for this cross? 4 6. Make a Punnett Square for the linked gene scenarios listed under #3 above. What are the expected phenotypic ratios for these crosses? 7. Consider the aforementioned crosses of plants with the genotype BbGg (see #2 above). Given no prior knowledge about the location of the flower size and leaf color genes on the chromosome, use the following possible results from the dihybrid cross to predict whether the two genes are linked (and if so, whether the alleles are associated in cis or trans arrangements). (Circle the best answers.) Case 1: 108 (big, green) : 36 (big, maroon) : 36 (little, green) : 12 (little, maroon) [linked] or [unlinked] if linked: [cis] or [trans] and [recombination] or [no recombination] Case 2: 144 (big, green) : 0 (big, maroon) : 0 (little, green) : 48 (little, maroon) [linked] or [unlinked] if linked: [cis] or [trans] and [recombination] or [no recombination] Cross 3: 96 (big, green) : 48 (big, maroon) : 48 (little, green) : 0 (little, maroon) [linked] or [unlinked] if linked: [cis] or [trans] and [recombination] or [no recombination] Cross 4: 139 (big, green) : 6 (big, maroon) : 4 (little, green) : 43 (little, maroon) [linked] or [unlinked] if linked: [cis] or [trans] and [recombination] or [no recombination] 5 8. Transcribe the following antisense strand of DNA into mRNA: TAC GAG ATA CGA TAC 9. What tRNA anticodons would attach to the aforementioned mRNA strand? 6