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Chapter 1 Study Guide Lesson 1: Cells and Life – The cell is the smallest unit of life. Name: ____________________________ Date: ________________Per. _________ Essential standard ( 1.d ) A. The Cell Theory 1. Even after the invention of microscopes, scientists were only beginning to __________________ how cells relate to living things. 2. Together, many scientist’s ideas became known as the cell ____________ which states a. All _____________ are made of one or more cells. b. The cell is the _____________ unit of life. c. All ______ cells come from _______________ cells. B. Characteristics of Life 1. Organization – Cells and organisms are organized. Cells contain ______________ that have specialized functions. 2. _______________ – Organisms are able to respond to __________ in their environment. 3. Growth and Development – When organisms grow they ___________ in size. Development includes the _________ that occur. 4. _______________ - In order for ___________ to continue to exist, they must reproduce/create __________ similar to themselves. 5. Homeostasis – All organisms have the ability to ____________ homeostasis, keeping its internal __________ within certain limits. 6._____________ - Our cells use energy, from the food we eat, originally from the ___________. C. Chemistry of a Cell 1. About ______ percent of your body’s mass is water. Water helps to ____________ your cells and enables your blood to transport __________________ throughout your body. 2. Basic substances within cells include proteins, ____________ _______ lipids and carbohydrates. a. Proteins – necessary for nearly everything cells and ____________ do. b. Nucleic Acids – important to all cells. One kind of nucleic acid is _______, a code that contains the cells genetic information. c. ________ - a large molecule that does not _____________ in water. The main kinds of lipids are fats, phospholipids, steroids and ___________. Fat molecules store __________ amounts of chemical ___________. d. Carbohydrates – stores energy and is made of one sugar molecule, a pair of sugar molecules or a _________ of sugar molecules. This type of energy can be released ____________ through chemical reactions in ________. Lesson 2: The Cell – Cells have structures with specific functions. A. Cell Shape and Movement 1. Cells in your body have a _________ or shapes and sizes. Different shapes relate to _____________ functions (jobs). 2. Every cell has a cell ______________ a flexible covering which protects the inside of the cell from the ________________ outside of the cell. It is ______________ permeable, this means some things cannot __________ the cell and others cannot leave. 3. Some cells, such as those in plants have a rigid cell ____________, which surrounds the cell membrane. This wall maintains the cell’s shape, __________ and protects the cell. Animal cells (do, do not) have cell walls. 4. Cells can also have appendages to allow them to move. A ___________ is a tail like appendage. Cilia are short, __________ appendages that usually occur in large numbers on a cell. 5. The inside of the cell contains ________________- a thick fluid made mostly of ____________. a. The structures inside the cell are __________________ in the cytoplasm. 6. Individual cells do not have a skeleton of bones, instead they have a __________ of fibers called the ___________________. a. It is like a thick web that plays a role in ____________ contraction, cell division, cell _______________ and maintenance of cell __________. b. Both cilia and flagella are able to ________ because they contain fibers of the ___________________. B. Cell Organelles 1. Cells have many processes going on at the ________ time. Some cells have _______________ structures in the cytoplasm that have specific functions. (Single-celled organisms-commonly called ____________-do not have organelles.) 2. A large organelle inside many cells is the ___________________. The nucleus: a. contains the ____________ material-a chemical code for making all the molecules of a cell. b. is called the ___________ center of the cell in plant and animal cells. c. the genetic material in the nucleus is made of long chains of _____ coiled into structures called ___________________. d. Proteins in the __________________ help the DNA coil. e. _______ in the same kind of organism have the same ____________ or chromosomes . For example, humans have ____ pairs of chromosomes in each cell, and mice have _____ pairs in each cell. 3. A cell makes many kinds of molecules in order to perform different ________________. a. Proteins are built within small structures called ________________. b. These are different from other organelles as they are not surrounded by a membrane. c. Ribosomes are made in the _____________ and move into the cytoplasm through the nucleus’ membrane. d. Ribosomes can attach to the ___________________ __________________ called rough ER, which is important for making and _______________ proteins. e. Smooth ER is important for making ________ and helps rid cells of chemicals and ________________. 4. There are two types of ________________ that process the energy used by ________. a. Chemical __________ that release most of the energy used by a cell occur inside the organelle called the ________________. b. The ______________ transform unusable energy in food molecules into useable energy, and are called the ______________ _______________ of the cell. c. Cells that require a lot of energy, such as ____________ cells have more mitochondria than cells that require less energy such as skin cells. d. Plants make their own food in a membrane bound organelle called ____________________, which use light energy to make food from ____________ and ____________ dioxide. 5. The golgi _____________ makes, sorts and ships molecules. It also ______________ stores and directs movement of molecules. 6. A vesicle transports molecules throughout the _______________________. 7. The storage organelles are the __________________. a. An animal cell has a special vacuole called the ________________________, which stores digestive enzymes. b. A plant cell has a LARGE vacuole called a _______________________ vacuole. It stores water and molecules for the plant. 8. Use Table 2 - P. 63. List the 3 structures found only in plant cells ______________, __________________, _______________. C. Cell Types 1. Cells are classified as either _____________________ or _______________________. a. Prokaryotic cells are cells without a _______________ or other organelles, instead of a nucleus, these cells have a __________ of DNA. These exist only as ___________ celled organisms, and are commonly known as _________________. b. Plant and animal cells are examples of _______________________ cells. Eukaryotic cells are larger that _______________ cells. Protists, fungi, ___________ and ____________ are made of one or _______________ eukaryotic cells. Lesson 3: Cells and Energy – All cells can release energy from food molecules. Only some cells can make food molecules using light energy. A. Cellular Respiration 1. Cellular ________________ is a series of chemical reactions that transforms the energy in food molecules to usable energy. 2. Cellular _________________ happens in three steps, the first is ____________. The second step happens in the ______________________, where more electrons (and carbon dioxide, a waste product) are produced. The third step requires oxygen and releases large amounts of ATP, usable cellular energy. 3. When our muscles use _________ faster than our lungs and blood stream can deliver it to them the muscles can release energy by _______________ acid fermentation, waste products are lactic acid and carbon dioxide. 4. Alcohol fermentation is another kind of fermentation that ____________ energy. It is used by fungi, and produces ethanol and carbon dioxide. 5.Both kinds of fermentation release _____________ ATP molecules than cellular respiration, and neither requires ___________. B. Photosynthesis 1. Some organisms make their own food using the __________ from the Sun or other light sources. ___________________ is a series of chemical reactions that makes food in these organisms. a. Plants contain substances called ______________ that absorb and reflect light. b. Chloroplasts contain the pigment _____________________that reflects green light, when leaves appear green they contain more _______________ than other pigments. 2. During Photosynthesis, light __________, water and carbon __________ are used to make sugars (food for plants). It also releases __________ into the atmosphere. 3. The fruits and _______________ we eat grow because of photosynthesis; it supplies the Earth’s atmosphere with __________.