Download Chapter 1

Chapter 1 Study Guide
Lesson 1: Cells and Life – The cell is the smallest unit of life.
Name: ____________________________
Date: ________________Per. _________
Essential standard ( 1.d )
A. The Cell Theory
1. Even after the invention of microscopes, scientists were only beginning to __________________ how cells relate to living things.
2. Together, many scientist’s ideas became known as the cell ____________ which states
a. All _____________ are made of one or more cells.
b. The cell is the _____________ unit of life.
c. All ______ cells come from _______________ cells.
B. Characteristics of Life
1. Organization – Cells and organisms are organized. Cells contain ______________ that have specialized functions.
2. _______________ – Organisms are able to respond to __________ in their environment.
3. Growth and Development – When organisms grow they ___________ in size. Development includes the _________ that occur.
4. _______________ - In order for ___________ to continue to exist, they must reproduce/create __________ similar to themselves.
5. Homeostasis – All organisms have the ability to ____________ homeostasis, keeping its internal __________ within certain limits.
6._____________ - Our cells use energy, from the food we eat, originally from the ___________.
C. Chemistry of a Cell
1. About ______ percent of your body’s mass is water. Water helps to ____________ your cells and enables your blood to transport
__________________ throughout your body.
2. Basic substances within cells include proteins, ____________ _______ lipids and carbohydrates.
a. Proteins – necessary for nearly everything cells and ____________ do.
b. Nucleic Acids – important to all cells. One kind of nucleic acid is _______, a code that contains the cells genetic information.
c. ________ - a large molecule that does not _____________ in water. The main kinds of lipids are fats, phospholipids, steroids
and ___________. Fat molecules store __________ amounts of chemical ___________.
d. Carbohydrates – stores energy and is made of one sugar molecule, a pair of sugar molecules or a _________ of sugar
molecules. This type of energy can be released ____________ through chemical reactions in ________.
Lesson 2: The Cell – Cells have structures with specific functions.
A. Cell Shape and Movement
1. Cells in your body have a _________ or shapes and sizes. Different shapes relate to _____________ functions (jobs).
2. Every cell has a cell ______________ a flexible covering which protects the inside of the cell from the ________________
outside of the cell. It is ______________ permeable, this means some things cannot __________ the cell and others cannot leave.
3. Some cells, such as those in plants have a rigid cell ____________, which surrounds the cell membrane. This wall maintains the
cell’s shape, __________ and protects the cell. Animal cells (do, do not) have cell walls.
4. Cells can also have appendages to allow them to move. A ___________ is a tail like appendage. Cilia are short, __________
appendages that usually occur in large numbers on a cell.
5. The inside of the cell contains ________________- a thick fluid made mostly of ____________.
a. The structures inside the cell are __________________ in the cytoplasm.
6. Individual cells do not have a skeleton of bones, instead they have a __________ of fibers called the ___________________.
a. It is like a thick web that plays a role in ____________ contraction, cell division, cell _______________ and maintenance of
cell __________.
b. Both cilia and flagella are able to ________ because they contain fibers of the ___________________.
B. Cell Organelles
1. Cells have many processes going on at the ________ time. Some cells have _______________ structures in the cytoplasm that
have specific functions. (Single-celled organisms-commonly called ____________-do not have organelles.)
2. A large organelle inside many cells is the ___________________. The nucleus:
a. contains the ____________ material-a chemical code for making all the molecules of a cell.
b. is called the ___________ center of the cell in plant and animal cells.
c. the genetic material in the nucleus is made of long chains of _____ coiled into structures called ___________________.
d. Proteins in the __________________ help the DNA coil.
e. _______ in the same kind of organism have the same ____________ or chromosomes . For example, humans have ____
pairs of chromosomes in each cell, and mice have _____ pairs in each cell.
3. A cell makes many kinds of molecules in order to perform different ________________.
a. Proteins are built within small structures called ________________.
b. These are different from other organelles as they are not surrounded by a membrane.
c. Ribosomes are made in the _____________ and move into the cytoplasm through the nucleus’ membrane.
d. Ribosomes can attach to the ___________________ __________________ called rough ER, which is important for making
and _______________ proteins.
e. Smooth ER is important for making ________ and helps rid cells of chemicals and ________________.
4. There are two types of ________________ that process the energy used by ________.
a. Chemical __________ that release most of the energy used by a cell occur inside the organelle called the ________________.
b. The ______________ transform unusable energy in food molecules into useable energy, and are called the ______________
_______________ of the cell.
c. Cells that require a lot of energy, such as ____________ cells have more mitochondria than cells that require less energy such
as skin cells.
d. Plants make their own food in a membrane bound organelle called ____________________, which use light energy to make
food from ____________ and ____________ dioxide.
5. The golgi _____________ makes, sorts and ships molecules. It also ______________ stores and directs movement of molecules.
6. A vesicle transports molecules throughout the _______________________.
7. The storage organelles are the __________________.
a. An animal cell has a special vacuole called the ________________________, which stores digestive enzymes.
b. A plant cell has a LARGE vacuole called a _______________________ vacuole. It stores water and molecules for the plant.
8. Use Table 2 - P. 63. List the 3 structures found only in plant cells ______________, __________________, _______________.
C. Cell Types
1. Cells are classified as either _____________________ or _______________________.
a. Prokaryotic cells are cells without a _______________ or other organelles, instead of a nucleus, these cells have a
__________ of DNA. These exist only as ___________ celled organisms, and are commonly known as _________________.
b. Plant and animal cells are examples of _______________________ cells. Eukaryotic cells are larger that _______________
cells. Protists, fungi, ___________ and ____________ are made of one or _______________ eukaryotic cells.
Lesson 3: Cells and Energy – All cells can release energy from food molecules. Only some cells can make food
molecules using light energy.
A. Cellular Respiration
1. Cellular ________________ is a series of chemical reactions that transforms the energy in food molecules to usable energy.
2. Cellular _________________ happens in three steps, the first is ____________. The second step happens in the
______________________, where more electrons (and carbon dioxide, a waste product) are produced. The third step requires
oxygen and releases large amounts of ATP, usable cellular energy.
3. When our muscles use _________ faster than our lungs and blood stream can deliver it to them the muscles can release energy by
_______________ acid fermentation, waste products are lactic acid and carbon dioxide.
4. Alcohol fermentation is another kind of fermentation that ____________ energy. It is used by fungi, and produces ethanol and
carbon dioxide.
5.Both kinds of fermentation release _____________ ATP molecules than cellular respiration, and neither requires ___________.
B. Photosynthesis
1. Some organisms make their own food using the __________ from the Sun or other light sources. ___________________ is a
series of chemical reactions that makes food in these organisms.
a. Plants contain substances called ______________ that absorb and reflect light.
b. Chloroplasts contain the pigment _____________________that reflects green light, when leaves appear green they contain
more _______________ than other pigments.
2. During Photosynthesis, light __________, water and carbon __________ are used to make sugars (food for plants). It also
releases __________ into the atmosphere.
3. The fruits and _______________ we eat grow because of photosynthesis; it supplies the Earth’s atmosphere with __________.