Download Unit 2 - Part 1

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbon – The element of life!
 All

living things contain the element carbon.
Organic means it contains carbon
 The
reason for this is because of carbon’s ability
to form different types of bonds with other
elements.
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It bonds easily with oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
and phosphorous – the elements found in essential
macromolecules!
It easily forms long chains when bonded to itself –
these structures are called hydrocarbons.
Macromolecules
 The
prefix macro- means large
 Macromolecules are extremely large
molecules found within cells that may
consist of thousands of atoms.
 There are 4 types:
Carbohydrates
Lipids (fats)
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Where does your body get the
elements to make macromolecules?
 From
the food you eat! …you are what
you eat
 Your body breaks the food you eat down
to get energy and rearranges those
molecules to form the essential
macromolecules that make up cells!
Macromolecules
 Monomer
– means “one part”
 Many monomers join together to form
polymers
 Polymer – means “many parts”
 Macromolecules are large polymers
formed by a process called polymerization.
Example of Polymerization
 What
monomer did make in the Lego
lab?
 What polymer did you make in the Lego
lab?
 What molecule did you remove to
connect your glucose molecules?
 What do you think you’d have to do to
unattach your molecules?
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Made
up of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen
1:2:1 ratio
Carbon : hydrogen : oxygen
Types of carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates
 Monomer:
Monosaccharides
 Means “single sugar”
 Examples of
monosaccharides:
Glucose – sugar
made by plants
Galactose – sugar
found in milk
Fructose – sugar
found in fruits
Carbohydrates
 Two
monosaccharides bonded together
make a disaccharide or “double sugar”
 Examples:
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
Carbohydrates
 Polymer:
Polysaccharides (Carbohydrates)
 Examples:
Starch – plants store excess sugar as
starch
Cellulose – found in plants; provides
strength and rigidity.
Glycogen – Animals like us store excess
sugar in the form of glycogen to use for
short-term energy
Functions
1)
2)
Living things use carbohydrates as
their main source of energy.
Plants and some animals use
carbohydrates for structural
purposes – cellulose (plants) and
chitin (makes up exoskeletons of
some animals)
Elements
Carbs
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Monomer
Polymer
Monosaccharide Polysaccharide
Function
Short term
Energy
Structure
in plants
(cellulose)
Examples
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Cellulose
(plants)
Starch
(plants)
Glycogen
(animals)
Carbohydrates
 What
is our bodies fuel source? How
do we use carbs? Fats? What happens
when we “run out?”
 What does it mean when runners hit a
wall?
 Carbs
and Fats Fueling the Body video
clip
 Ironwomen video clip
Glucose, Glucose - song
 If
you chew a plain saltine cracker for 5
minutes, can you taste the sugar?
 Starch is broken down by the enzyme
salivary amylase in saliva in your mouth.
 Starch is a polysaccharide that breaks
down into a monosaccharide.
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Glucose -- ah, sugar sugar –
You are my favorite fuel
From the blood-borne substrate pool.
Glucose -- monosaccharide sugar –
You're sweeter than a woman's kiss
'Cause I need you for glycolysis.
I just can't believe the way my muscles
take you in.
(For you, they'll open the door.)
All it takes is a little bit of insulin
(To upregulate GLUT4).
Ah, glucose -- ah, sugar sugar –
You help me make ATP
When my predators are chasing me.
Ah, glucose -- you're an aldehyde
sugar,
And you're sweeter than a woman's
kiss
'Cause I need you for glycolysis.
I just can't believe the way my
muscles break you down.
(My glycogen is almost gone.)
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A few more seconds and I'll be rigor
mortis-bound.
(Acidosis done me wrong.)
Your sweet is turning sour, baby.
I'm losing all my power, baby.
I'm gonna make your muscles ache.
No, no, no!
I'm swimming in lactate, baby.
Yes, I'm swimming in lactate, baby.
Now I'm drowning in lactate, baby.
I'm gonna make your muscles ache.
No, no, no!
I'm drowning in lactate, baby.
Ah, glucose -- ah, sugar sugar –
I used you up and you left me flat;
Now I'll have to get my kicks from fat.
Oh, glucose, glucose, sugar, sugar,
The honeymoon is over now.
Proteins
Proteins
 Made
up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Nitrogen
 Monomer: amino acids
 Two
amino acids bonded together is a
dipeptide
Proteins
 Polymer:
 Long,
Polypeptide
continuous chain of amino acids
bonded together
Amino Acids
 The
building blocks of proteins
 Made of an amino group (NH3) on
one end and a carboxylic acid
group (-COOH) on the other.
 There
are 20 different amino acids
 They differ only in the “R” group
Functions of protein
1)
2)
3)
4)
Enzymes are a type of protein that
control the speed of chemical
reactions and regulate cell processes
Form transport molecules and aide in
movement (hemoglobin)
Structure - Make up parts of organisms
like hair, horns, nails, muscles
Help fight infection - antibodies
Lipid bilayer (phospholipid bilayer)
Enzymes
 Enzymes
are catalysts or substances
that speed up the rate of a reaction,
but do not change as a result of the
reaction.
 Found
in meats, nuts, gelatin
 Amylase (saliva)
 Lactase
 Hemoglobin
Enzymes
Why do organisms need enzymes?
 Reactions occur very slow on their own
 Enzymes speed up reactions
2. How are enzymes specific?
 They have a specific shape that only
allows them to work on specific
substrates.
1.

Ex. Lactose (substrate) can only be broken
down by lactase (enzyme)
Enzymes
3.
4.
Why can enzymes be reused?
 They are not changed in the chemical
reaction
What is denaturing and how does it
happen?
 Denaturing happens when the shape
of the enzyme changes. This occurs
because of excess heat or changes in
pH. The enzyme can’t work if this
happens.
Let’s Draw a Protein!
 There
are 20 amino acids!
 You will draw and color one on an index
card and then we will connect your
amino acid monomers to make a long
polypeptide chain! 
Amino Acid
Amino
Group
Carboxyl
Group
• NOW choose a “R
side chain” to add
to the center
CARBON of your
amino acid
• On the other side of
your index card
write your name in
the bottom right
corner and then the
name of the amino
acid you drew very
large across the
middle
Elements
Carbon
Proteins Hydrogen
(Peptide) Oxygen
NITROGEN
Monomer
Amino Acid
Polymer
Polypeptide
(Proteins)
Function
1. Controls
speed of rxn
2. Transports
molecules in
and out of cell
3. Fights
infection
(antibodies)
4. Makes up
nails, muscles,
hair, horns
Examples
Enzymes
Lactase
Hemoglobin
Get them
from meat.
20 amino
acids!
Now…
 Out
summary Pg 76 – what you learned
from You Are What You Eat lab
 Out summary Pg 78 – summary of notes
on carbs and proteins
 Finish the lab from yesterday. DUE
THURSDAY

See google drive for pink handout
Lipids
Lipids
 Made
up of oxygen,
hydrogen, and carbon
 *Only macromolecules
that don’t dissolve in
water.
 Monomer: glycerol and
3 fatty acids
 Polymer: Triglyceride
Functions of Lipids
Long-term energy storage in (C-H) bonds.
2) Phospholipids make up biological (cell)
membranes
3) Act as protective coverings on plants –
waxy cuticle
4) Chemical messengers – steriods
 Examples:
1)
Fats
Waxes
Steroids
Phospholipid
Waxes
 Wax
is a type of structural lipid that consists
of a long fatty acid chain joined to a long
alcohol chain
 It is waterproof
 Forms a protective
coat on plant leaves
Biological (cell) Membranes
Phospholipids- made of hydrophilic and hydrophobic
parts
Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
 Saturated
fatty acids - carbon atoms are
bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as
possible with only single bonds
 Lipids
that contain saturated fatty acids are
called saturated fats
 Examples:
butter, animal fat
 *Solid at room temp
Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
 Unsaturated
Fatty Acids - some of the
carbon atoms double bond to other
carbon atoms
 Does
NOT contains the maximum possible
number of hydrogen atoms.
 Examples: Oils
 *Liquid at room temp
Saturated fats have a chemical makeup in which the carbon
atoms are saturated with hydrogen atoms. Fatty meats,
cheese and butter are examples.
From a chemical standpoint, monounsaturated fats are simply
fats that have one double-bonded (unsaturated) carbon in the
molecule. Olive oil is an example .
Trans fats (or trans fatty acids) are created in an industrial
process that adds hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils to make
them more solid. Another name for trans fats is “partially
hydrogenated oils." Look for them on the ingredient list on
food packages. They are cheap, taste good & easy to use.
From a chemical standpoint, polyunsaturated fats are simply
fats that have more than one double-bonded (unsaturated)
carbon in the molecule. Nuts, vegetable oil and salmon are
examples.
Elements
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic
Acids
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Monomer
Glycerol &
(3)fatty acids
Polymer
Triglyceride
Function
Examples
-long term
energy
-makes up
cell
membrane
-waxy
covering on
plants
Fats
Waxes
Steroids
Phospholipids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
 Made
up of Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen,
Nitrogen, and Phosphorus
 Monomer: Nucleotides
 5-Carbon
group
 Polymer:
sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate
Nucleic Acids
2 Types of Nucleic Acids
 Ribonucleic
acid (RNA)
1. Single stranded
2. Involved in protein synthesis
 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
1. Double Stranded
2. Encoded information about how
genetic material is passed on from one
gene to another.
 Function: to store and transmit genetic
information.
RNA vs DNA
RNA
DNA
Elements
Nucleic
Acids
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphous
Monomer
Nucleotide
SUGAR
PHOSPHATE
BASE
Polymer
Nucleic Acid
Function
Store and
transmit
genetic
information
Examples
DNA
RNA
Protein Review
• What do enzymes do?
• Do they ever get used up?
• What causes their shape to change?
• How many amino acids are there?
Friday 10/4/13
• Fill regular petri dish half
way with water.
• Carry back to seat and let it
settle for a few seconds.
• Place the gobstoppers in
each corner of the dish.
• Observe and answer
questions after 1-2 mins.
• Gobstoppers and Potato go
in TRASH CAN – NOT THE
SINK. Thank you.
• Wash and DRY both petri
dishes.
• Return everything to the
bucket the way you found it
Answer all questions on the green packet
and lab.
If you finish your Enzyme lab, turn it in to
the basket.
Conclusion
Match the monomers on the left with their
polymers on the right
 monosaccharide
 amino
acid
 nucleotide
 fatty acids
a. triglycerides
b. proteins
c. polysaccharide
d. nucleic acids
Review!
• What makes saturated fats different from
unsaturated fats?
• Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
• Will lipids dissolve in water?
• Where are phospholipids found?
Protein Prompt:
• Write at least a
paragraph explaining
how our class model
resembles the
synthesis(building) and
structure of actual
proteins. Underline the
following words in your
writing as you use them:
•
•
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•
•
Polypeptide
Amino acid
Monomer
Polymer
Side chain (R group)
Amino group
Carboxyl group