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PSYC 2006: Foundations of Human Dev. Part 1: Heredity September 19, 2013 Heredity Mechanisms of Heredity Foundations of Human Development Genetic Disorders Heredity is not destiny Part 1: Heredity Heredity Mechanisms of Heredity Mechanisms of Heredity Genetic Material located in Chromosomes Chromosomes are made up of a Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Molecule Genetic Disorders e ed ty is s not ot destiny dest y Heredity Chromosomes Chromosomes--Four Key Points Four important points to remember 1. Number of chromosomes in each cell is important In humans there are 23 pairs 46 chromosomes Return 1 PSYC 2006: Foundations of Human Dev. Part 1: Heredity September 19, 2013 Chromosomes Chromosomes--Four Key Points 1. Number of chromosomes in each cell is important 2. Chromosomes are arranged in pairs Return Chromosomes Chromosomes--Four Key Points 1. Number of chromosomes in each cell is important 2. Chromosomes are arranged in pairs 3. Pairs 1 to 22 are called autosomes Pair 23 = sex chromosomes (X and Y) Females (XX); males (XY) Return Chromosomes Chromosomes--Four Key Points 1. Number of chromosomes in each cell is important 2. Chromosomes are arranged in pairs 3. Pairs 1 to 22 are called autosomes 4.Reproductive cells also called g gametes The sperm and the egg Only have 23 chromosomes Created through meiosis Crossover of genes Reduction into single chromosome Return 2 PSYC 2006: Foundations of Human Dev. Part 1: Heredity September 19, 2013 Meiosis and Crossover Crossover of Genes http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=6xMX KU7JnMQ&feature=endscreen Genes and the Production of Protein Genes and the Production of Protein Genes Genes Located at particular sites on chromosome Genes and the Production of Protein Genes Located at particular sites on chromosome Located at particular sites on chromosome Contain directions for making proteins t i DNA video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rromYAt1Lfw &feature=related Contain directions for making proteins Made up of DNA DNA = Dioxyribonucleic acid 3 PSYC 2006: Foundations of Human Dev. Part 1: Heredity September 19, 2013 Genes and the Production of Protein Detail of DNA Molecule 4 Bases C t Cytosene Adenine 2 Base Pairs Thymine Cytosene Guanine Thymine Adenine Guanine Principles and Processes of Molecular Genetics The transmission of traits: A basic model The transmission of traits: A basic model Multiple forms of gene present at any gene’s position Alleles One from each parent If same, then homozygous If different, heterozygous Transmission of traits: A basic model Transmission of traits: A basic model Heterozygous Alleles 3 possible outcomes Incomplete dominance Between the two extremes 4 PSYC 2006: Foundations of Human Dev. Part 1: Heredity September 19, 2013 Incomplete Dominance Transmission of traits: A basic model Heterozygous Alleles 3 possible outcomes Incomplete dominance Codominance Both characteristics expressed http://flickr.com/photos/magnuscanis/355327700/ Codominance Transmission of traits: A basic model Heterozygous Alleles 3 possible outcomes Incomplete dominance Codominance Dominance Dominant characteristic expressed http://flickr.com/photos/dcruzin/12919997/ Dominance Transmission of traits: A basic model Exceptions to the rule Genes on the sex chromosomes X and Y Chomosomes http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.en Downloaded from: http://www.genome.gov/glossary.cfm?key=sex%20chromosome 5 PSYC 2006: Foundations of Human Dev. Part 1: Heredity September 19, 2013 Sex-Linked Disorders Sex-linked Traits www.youtube.com/watch?v=H1HaR47Dqfw Sex-Linked Disorders Behavioural Genetics Examples Methods of studying Genetic differences Hemophilia Red-Green Colour Blindness Adoption p studies Child similar to adoptive family = Environment Child similar to biological family = Genetics Behavioural Genetics Genetics of Twins Methods of studying individual differences Adoption studies Twin studies 6 PSYC 2006: Foundations of Human Dev. Part 1: Heredity September 19, 2013 Twin Studies--An Example Twin Studies--An Example Is extroversion inherited? Take measure of extroversion Approaching stranger Find correlation between twins Monozygotic Dizygotic Adoptive Studies-An Example Behavioural Genetics Methods of studying individual differences Adoption studies Twin studies Blended Families Blended Families Behavioural Genetics Results Initiated by Reiss et al. (1994) Sibling Type Full % Genes share in common 50% Half ~25% Step 0% 7 PSYC 2006: Foundations of Human Dev. Part 1: Heredity September 19, 2013 Behavioural Genetics Results Heredity Mechanisms of Heredity Genetic Disorders Heredity is not destiny Genetic disorders Sickle cell anemia Why do harmful alleles survive? If heterozygous, not harmful (maybe even helpful) E.g., Sickle cell anemia Heredity Heredity is not destiny Mechanisms of Heredity Environment influences genetics Genetic Disorders Range of reaction Heredity y is not destiny y 8 PSYC 2006: Foundations of Human Dev. Part 1: Heredity September 19, 2013 Range of Reaction Heredity is not destiny Genetics shape environment Niche picking Deliberately picking an environment that will allow best development according to genes Heredity Conclusions Genetics provide important framework for development Important to understand genetic link Environment also important Next: Prenatal Development and Childbirth 9