Download 1. Wilhelm Wundt Introspection 2. STRUCTURALISM 3. Wilhelm

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Wilhelm Wundt ­ Introspection STRUCTURALISM Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Tichner Structures of the mind Identify the elements of thought through introspection and determine how these elements create the whole experience 6. A model of the scientific study of mental processes 7. Introspection could not be used to study animals, children or complex problems like mental disorders or personality
personality 1. FUNCTIONALISM 2. William James 3. Animal behavior and biological processes 4. How the mind functions to adapt humans and other animals to their environment 5. Expanded the scope of psychology to include research on emotions and observable behavior, psych testing, modern education and diversified into industry 6. No criticisms, but it did die out
No criticisms, but it did die out 1. PSYCHOANALYTIC/PSYCHODYAMIC 2. Sigmund Freud, M.D. 3. Conflicts between what people believe to be acceptable behavior and their unacceptable motives (sex and aggression) 4. These motives are what lead to behavior and are hidden in the unconscious, outside of our awareness 5. Psychotherapy, psychiatry and modern psychodynamic psychologists 6. Too much emphasis on sex and aggression and not enough emphasis on social motives and relationships 7. Neo
Neo ­­ Freudians
Freudians 1. BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE 2. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner 3. Watson studied classical conditioning (Pavlov) Skinner studied how we can shape human behavior (Operant Conditioning) 4. Studied objective, observable environmental influences on behavior 5. Treating people with overt problems (observable behavioral problems) 6. Non
Non ­­ human research, but some human research
human research, but some human research 1. HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE 2. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow 3. All individuals strive to grow, develop and move toward self
toward self ­­ actualization 4. Free
4. Free ­­ will, self
will, self ­­ actualization and human nature is naturally positive and growth seeking 5. Personality Research and Psychotherapy 6. No criticisms
No criticisms 1. COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE 2. Jean Piaget, Albert Ellis, Albert Bandura
Bandura , Robert Sternberg and Howard Gardner 3. Research emphasis was on thought, perception and information processing 4. Perception, memory, imagery, concept formation, problem solving, reasoning, decision making and language 5. Information Processing Approach, gather information, process it and produce a response 6. No criticisms
No criticisms 1. NEUROSCIENCE/BIOPSYCHOLOGY PERSPECTIVE 2. Johannes Muller, Karl Lashley
Lashley , David Hubel
Hubel , James Olds, Roger Sperry and Candice Pert (1 st female) 3. Research emphasis is on sensation, perception, learning, memory, language, sexuality and abnormal behavior 4. Genetics and biological processes in the brain and other parts of the nervous system 5. Development of tools to study the structure and function of nerve cells, the brain and the nervous system and how this contributes to behavior 6. No criticisms
No criticisms 1. EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE 2. Charles Darwin, Konrad Lorenz, E.O. Wilson and David Buss 3. Research focus is on natural selection, adaptation and the evolution of behavior and mental processes 4. How behavior and mental processes create a survival or reproductive advantage 5. Understanding how behavior contributes to survival and reproductive success (passing your behavior (and physical) genes onto your offspring 6. No criticisms
No criticisms 1. SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE 2. John Berry, Patricia Greenfield and Richard Brislin 3. Emphasizes social interactions and cultural determinants of behavior and mental processes 4. Focus is on ethnicity, religion, occupation and socioeconomic class and how these contribute to behavior 5. Allows us to understand how society and culture influence our behavior and mental processes 6. No criticisms
No criticisms BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE n n
Today we have 7 major perspectives – Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic – Behavioral – Humanistic – Cognitive – Neuroscience/Biopsychology – Evolutionary – Sociocultural n n
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL perspective says that – BIOLOGY – genetics, brain function, neurotransmitters and evolution – PSYCHOLOGY – learning, thinking, emotion, personality and motivation – SOCIETY – family, school, culture, ethnicity, social class and politics n n
All affect each other
All affect each other