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Genetics: the branch of biology that studies heredity ? Heredity: Is the passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring camel llama ? cama Trait: A characteristic coded for by a gene. ˃ Height (tall or short) ˃ Color (purple or white) ˃ Shape (smooth or wrinkled) Inherited traits: Characteristics that are inherited or passed on from parents to offspring Early principles of inheritance 2.25 Acquired traits: characteristics that you get as you go through life (not inherited) Gregor Mendel: the father of genetics. ˃ Mendelian Genetics ˃ He worked with garden pea inheritance in the 1800’s. ˃ His ideas were not accepted widely until the 1900’s » States that every individual has two alleles of each gene and when gametes are produced, each gamete receives one of these alleles Pollination: (plants)Is the transfer of pollen from anther (male) to stigma (female) Gamete: Sex cell (sperm or egg) produced by an organism ˃ The sperm in the pollen grain fertilizes the egg in the female part of the flower (pistil) Zygote: A fertilized egg; formed when a sperm unites with an egg. Self Pollination: The transfer of pollen from anther to stigma on the same flower Cross Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma on a different flower Chromosome: Dark rod-shaped bodies (coiled up chromatin) inside a cell’s nucleus made of DNA Autosome: A chromosome that does not code for gender Sex Chromosome: A chromosome that codes for gender # of autosomes # of sex chromosomes Body cells: 44 Gametes: 22 Body cells: 2 (XX) Gametes: 1 (X) Body cells: 44 Gametes: 22 Body cells: 2 (XY) Gametes: 1 (X or Y) Gene: A segment of DNA on a chromosome that directs protein production for a trait ˃ located on the chromosome ˃ exist in alternative forms Allele: alternate forms of a gene Genetic work of Mendel 4.31 Dominant allele: a gene that expresses itself in the presence of a weaker form of the gene (capital letter- example T = tall) Recessive allele: a gene that is masked in the presence of a dominant allele (lowercase letter –example t = short) Intro to Genetics and Heredity .52 Phenotype: the way an organism looks & behaves. Genotype: the alleles (letters) that determine how an organism looks or behaves. Are these three tall plants genetically the same? Height Homozygous: purebred; having 2 identical alleles ˃ TT – homozygous dominant ˃ tt – homozygous recessive Homozygous dominant Homozygous recessive Heterozygous: hybrid; having 2 different alleles ˃ Tt – heterozygous dominant Punnett Square: Shorthand way of finding the expected proportions of possible genotypes in the offspring of a cross. ˃ Devised by Reginald Punnett in 1905 Probability: The chance that an event will occur ˃ Determined by dividing the desired outcomes by the total number of possible outcomes ˃ Expressed as a fraction or a percent Two sides Heads – ½ (50%) Tails – ½ (50% Monohybrid: Crosses that involve only 1 trait Pure (homozygous) parents gametes Hybrid (heterozygous) offspring » P1 = original parents Your Grandparents » P1 x P1 = F1 (F = offspring) Your parents » F1 x F1 = F2 You » Cross a heterozygous tall plant with a heterozygous tall parent. Tt x ____ Tt ____ » (T= tall) (t=short) » Genotypic ratio: _________ » Phenotypic ratio: _________ TT tt » Cross a homozygous tall plant with a short plant. _____ x _____ » (T= tall) (t=short) » Genotypic ratio: __________ » Phenotypic ratio: __________ Cross a plant that is pure tall with a plant that is heterozygous tall. TT x _____ Tt _____ » Genotypic ratio: ___________ » Phenotypic ratio: ___________ » States that the genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other. Dihybrid cross: involve two traits RRYY rryy Gamete RY Gamete ry RrYy R r RY Y y RY Ry rY ry Ry rY ry HhTt X ______ hhtt » ______ HT Ht hT ht HhTt Hhtt hhTt hhtt ht HhTt Hhtt hhTt hhtt ht HhTt Hhtt hhTt hhtt ht HhTt Hhtt hhTt ht hhtt