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Chapter 3 Learning (II) Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning Definition — A form of learning in which a behavior becomes more or less probable, depending on its consequences Respondent behavior Operant behavior — behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. Skinner’s Experiment Law of effect Skinner Box Comparison of Classical C. & Operant C. Principles of Reinforcement Reinforcer Positive reinforcer Negative reinforcer Escape and Avoidance L. Primary and secondary reinforcer (conditioned reinforcer) Immediate and delayed reinforcer Delayed gratification Learned helplessness Overjustification Functional autonomy Why do behaviors have been positively reinforced not occur continually? 1. 2. Behavior is controlled by discriminative stimuli, a process that Skinner calls Stimulus control (mooncake) Because the individual has relative degree of satiation in regard to the reinforcer response deprivation Shaping and Chaining Successive approximations Shaping a teacher Forward chaining Backward chaining Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Schedules—is subjected to repaid extinction when reinforcement stops Partial Schedules—because they produce less-predictable reinforcement, they are more resistance to extinction than are ~ Fixed-ratio Schedules (FR) Variable-ratio Schedules (VR) Fixed-interval Schedules (FI) Variable-interval Schedules (VI) Ratio schedules produce faster response rates than do interval schedules, because the number of responses, not the length of time, determines the onset of reinforcement Variable schedules produce steadier response rates than do fixed schedules, because the individual does not know when reinforcement will occur Punishment 1. 2. 3. Two kinds of punishment The difference between Punishment and negative reinforcement The effectiveness of punishment Timing, consistency, intensity Using punishment wisely Side effects of punishment pp. 310-311 Application of Operant Conditioning In parenting and education In the market Behavior modification (flooding, systematic desensitization……) A Clockwork Orange (1971) …… In daily life