Download Chapter 4 Learning (II)

Chapter 3 Learning (II)
Operant (Instrumental)
Conditioning
Definition
— A form of learning in which a
behavior becomes more or less
probable, depending on its
consequences
 Respondent behavior
 Operant behavior — behavior
that operates on the
environment, producing
consequences.
Skinner’s Experiment
 Law
of effect
 Skinner Box
 Comparison of Classical C.
& Operant C.
Principles of Reinforcement
 Reinforcer
 Positive
reinforcer
 Negative reinforcer
Escape and Avoidance L.
 Primary and secondary reinforcer
(conditioned reinforcer)
 Immediate and delayed
reinforcer
 Delayed
gratification
 Learned helplessness
 Overjustification
 Functional autonomy
Why do behaviors have been positively
reinforced not occur continually?
1.
2.
Behavior is controlled by
discriminative stimuli, a
process that Skinner calls
Stimulus control (mooncake)
Because the individual has
relative degree of satiation
in regard to the reinforcer
response deprivation
Shaping and Chaining
 Successive
approximations
 Shaping a teacher
 Forward chaining
 Backward chaining
Schedules of Reinforcement
 Continuous
Schedules—is
subjected to repaid extinction
when reinforcement stops
 Partial Schedules—because
they produce less-predictable
reinforcement, they are more
resistance to extinction than
are ~
 Fixed-ratio
Schedules (FR)
 Variable-ratio Schedules (VR)
 Fixed-interval Schedules (FI)
 Variable-interval Schedules
(VI)
 Ratio
schedules produce faster
response rates than do interval
schedules, because the number
of responses, not the length of
time, determines the onset of
reinforcement
 Variable schedules produce
steadier response rates than do
fixed schedules, because the
individual does not know when
reinforcement will occur
Punishment



1.
2.
3.
Two kinds of punishment
The difference between
Punishment and negative
reinforcement
The effectiveness of punishment
Timing, consistency, intensity
Using punishment wisely
Side effects of punishment
pp. 310-311
Application of Operant Conditioning
 In
parenting and education
 In the market
 Behavior modification
(flooding, systematic
desensitization……)

A Clockwork Orange (1971)
 ……
 In
daily life